ABSTRACT COMPILATION IN ENGLISH AND IN FRENCH
Alemseged ABBAY
Frostburg State University, USA
Tigray Genocide
Every genocide has its unique features. Manufactured famine and uncalled
for war as mechanics of genocide as well as the complicity of the international
community give the Tigray genocide its sui generis. Uniquely in Tigray,
genocide preceded war and war had to be invented to serve the stated intent “to
destroy the Tigrayans”, “to wipe out the Tigrayans”.
Josukutty ABRAHAM
University of Kerala, India
Ukraine crisis
and World Order: Indian Perspective
The Ukraine crisis signals changes in the world order came into being
with the establishment of the UN. Today fewer countries seem committed to
maintaining that order but increasingly more are dissatisfied with it. The US
efforts to knit a global alliance in the Ukraine crisis against the
Russia-China combo has been less than attractive even to some of its old and
new friends. India, a strategic partner
of the US in the 21st century, declined
to fully collaborate with its efforts to
weaken Russia. India refused to join US led economic sanctions on Russia and abstained from UN resolutions
against it. Though India has its own geopolitical compulsions to maintain a
friendly relations with Russia in terms of its continental security with China and Pakistan, the
neutral stand taken by India is indicative of its desire to chart its own
course towards a multipolar world
order. India has publicly stated the US and Western efforts to weaken Russia does not align with Indian interests. India foreign minister said
that Europe should grow out of the
mindset that Europe’s problems are worlds problems and worlds problems are not
Europe’s problems. At the same India has taken the stand that it is not the
time for war and emphasized the need for a negotiated settlement of the crisis at the earliest. Apart from the
principled and nationalist positions on
the crisis , it is equally indicative
of India’s desire to have more say in international affairs based on strategic
autonomy and multi-alignment-two key contemporary features of India’s foreign
policy.This paper examines the rationale of India’s position on Ukraine crisis
and its impact on world order.
Nirupama AK
University of Kerala, India
Eco-labelling and
international trade: Implications for developing countries.
The goal of eco-labels is to significantly improve the environment by
positively influencing consumer purchasing decisions. By informing consumers on
the environmental effects of products—basically using a life-cycle approach—it
seeks to encourage the purchase and development of environmentally
"friendly" goods. Transparency, accessibility, and legitimacy of
ecolabel programmes have become crucial issues in the context of trade and the
environment. The GATT and the Technical Barriers to Trade Agreement must be
considered in the design of ecolabels. Several international institutions, as
well as numerous (mainly developing) nations, have expressed some concern that
eco-labelling may not actually be helping the environment and may perhaps be harming
international trade patterns. This is because the demand for and marketing of
eco-labelled products in a particular host country (or region) may make it
difficult for those nations and businesses to effectively enter such markets
where eco-labels are not present (or whose presence is not widely accepted).
The current eco-labelling debate is seen by many developing nations as another
instance of industrialised nations preventing exports from developing nations.
Developing nations worry that higher environmental requirements for products
are being deployed more and more as a trade barrier for their exports and that
these environmental-based restrictions are being used as a covert way to
safeguard "northern" industries. Many nations contend that policies that
categorise items based on unincorporated PPMs, like some eco-labels, should be
viewed as violating WTO rules. Environmental testing, environmental auditing,
life cycle analysis, certification, and participation in international
technical committees are a few of the areas where developing nations require
technical support. This paper attempts to examine the implications of
eco-labelling for developing countries in the context of international trade.
Keerthy AM
University of Kerala, India
India’s look west
policy: a study in the context of changing political equations in west Asia
Even though India formally embraced the "look west strategy"
as a component of its foreign policy in 2005, its popularity only increased
under the NDA Administration. The three territories of the Arab gulf nations,
Iran, and Israel are the key pillars upon which the NDA government's "look
west" strategy is based. When India supported the Palestinian cause during
the Cold War period, it had a hostile relation with Israel. But it shifted to
intense economic and technological co-operation during NDA administrations
India's relations with Iran are primarily driven by national security and
economic concerns. Arab gulf nations were always part of India’s foreign policy
since 1970’s due to its greater economic significance. This essay will examine
the development of the Look West strategy under the NDA administration.
However, the recent changes in west Asia's political landscape have an impact
on India's look-west policy. West Asia is seeing intrusions by international
powers, shifting regional relations, economic and political instability, etc.
Additionally, we may observe changes in India's foreign policy as a result of internal
issues and evolving relations with major powers. The paper's primary focus is
on the effects of changes in west Asia's political landscape on India's
Look-West policy. the influence of the political changes in the region on
India's look west policy, the new opportunities, and difficulties the region
presents for India, and potential future revisions to the policy will all be
covered. This will also examine the impact of changes in India’s relationship
with global and regional powers upon look west policy
Herbert ARLT
JSG (www.soyfer.at ), INST
(www.inst.at ), PZ (www.polylogzentrum.at ), Austria
Europe, Asia,
Energy
Energy is a key question for currencies, economies, enviroment. There is
a new possibility for energy via Quantum technology. Who ever will realise this
new possiblity will be the rising group. USA counts on military. China is still
in the old tradition. EU is by now a vasall of USA, but could change its
strategy. The change of the strategy would bring up new possibilies. But also
China has the possibity to change its energy policy. This would be the key
question for the future. Because the energy question is the key question for
the future. Because energy is the basis for production, currencies, power.
Myrtati D. ARTARIA
With Andriati,
Retno; Utomo, Yassar R. P.; Agustin, Ferrani D., Hendrawati, Lucy D.; Prasetyo,
Djoko A.; Adib, M.; Santoso, P.; Putra,
Linggar, R.D.; & Davies, Sharyn G.
Universitas
Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
myrtati.artaria@fisip.unair.ac.id
Causes of ethnocentrism
and how to overcome it: Lesson- learn from Indonesia
Urgency: People that are interested frequently take advantage of
misunderstandings between ethnic groups for their own gain. Inter-ethnic
conflicts frequently take place in secret in society and have the potential to
turn into major conflicts.
Aim: This study set out to determine what social factors have the
ability to engender conflict and what social factors have the potential to
promote interethnic harmony.
Methods: Critical ethnography was used as the research methodology. We
gathered information from 55 people. The information was gathered by direct
in-depth interviews when feasible, observation, phone calls, and Whatsapp
messages when the COVID-19 epidemic grew stronger. In numerous cities around
Indonesia, we conducted interviews with college students, high school students,
teachers, lecturers, economic and business actors, political actors, government
officials, and community leaders from various ethnic groups.
Results: The findings of this study suggest that intolerance for
plurality is experienced by all informants, particularly in Java, which has a
relatively dense population and is adjacent to the government capital, there
are diversity issues that might lead to interethnic confrontations. Differences
in beliefs are the main source of conflict. Second, there are variations among
ethnic groups in terms of ideas about what constitutes normalcy and/or virtue.
Exposure to other nationalities at work leads to personal connection, which subsequently
eliminates prejudice as the reason for interethnic closeness. Personal
interaction helps one see the positive traits in people of different racial or
cultural backgrounds and helps one comprehend the reasons for those customs.
Conclusion: Global peace is greatly aided by exposure to various
ethnicities and nations through direct interaction and cooperation on mutually
beneficial projects.
Darya BAZARKINA
With Ivan Blekanov, Ekaterina Mikhalevich, and Evgeny Pashentsev
Institute of Europe of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia
Malicious Use of
Artificial Intelligence in Psychological Security in China: Threats and Ways to
Counter
The paper examines the current and future threats to China’s
psychological security caused by the malicious use of artificial intelligence
(MUAI), as well as the response measures taken by the Chinese government. The
Chinese case is of interest for several reasons. First, the country’s growing
leadership in the field of AI has not only generated more malicious use of
artificial intelligence (MUAI) threats for China, but has also created greater
opportunities to counter them. Second, the planned nature of the Chinese
economy—a developed system of public–private partnerships, including in the
field of cybersecurity—and the largest population in the world supply colossal
amounts of big data for AI training make China’s experience in the fight
against MUAI truly unique. China is facing negative trends that create a
fertile ground for MUAI (e.g., governance disagreements in Hong Kong and
Taiwan, terrorism, and growing pressure on China on the world stage from its
main AI rival, the US). The authors paid special attention to such current and
future threats of MUAI in the field of psychological security of China as
phishing, MUAI in video games, deep fakes, fake news and chatbots. The measures
taken by the Chinese government in the fight against the monopoly of IT
companies in the information sphere, measures to limit the negative impacts of
AI products on public consciousness, and the liberalization of legislation
regarding autonomous systems were also evaluated. This paper primarily uses
systemic, comparative, and scenario analyses. To classify MUAI threats, a
three-level scheme of psychological security threats proposed by Evgeny
Pashentsev was used.
Azzah Kania BUDIANTO
Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
azzah.kania.budianto-2021@fisip.unair.ac.id
Belief, religion,
and health-related behavior
Health maintenance behavior is associated with the incidence or
prevalence of certain diseases. Consequently, the transmission rate of a
disease depends heavily on the behavior of individuals in a society. Said
behavior is shaped by their habits and what they have learned in life in terms
of maintaining cleanliness and health. This health-maintaining behavior is
closely connected to religious belief; e.g. the existence of the infamous Islamic
saying in Indonesia: “cleanliness is part of faith”. The behavior of
maintaining and taking care of one’s health also causes many Javanese
individuals to carry amulets, or to undergo belief-based abstinences in order
to take care of their health. Our informants have Javanese cultural
backgrounds, and we acquire the data by means of interviews and observations.
We used a questionnaire to find out trends in general health behavior patterns.
We found that the health behavior of individuals with Javanese cultural
backgrounds is still heavily influenced by belief. Things like this are also
found in Qatari citizens, Puerto Ricans, Brazilians, Malaysian Muslims, and
religious African Americans. We construe that to change the behavior related to
public health, it is crucial to involve an element of belief, and this can be
done by involving religious leaders or people who are considered to be endowed
with the ability to heal the sick.
Pandey BK
Arun Jaitley National Institute of Financial Management, India
Role of India in
Mitigating Global Economic Crisis
The Covid pandemic, the Ukraine war, the geopolitical events, and the
resultant supply chain disruptions have added to increase in food and energy
prices, inflation and high public debt. This global crisis has thrown up new
challenges and opportunities for Asia. Asian GDP is going to be 50% of the
global GDP by 2040 and 50% of growth in consumer consumption is going to come
from Asia. Global cross-border flows are shifting toward Asia.
Asia is diverse and its integration with one another may make the region
more resilient. Trade linkages between South Asia and Southeast Asia have grown
manifold over the past two decades. But
despite the progress, there remains a significant untapped potential of
economic integration between these two regions.
The interplay of geopolitics and change in globalization, will through
up new opportunities for countries like India, Bangladesh, Vietnam and the Philippines.
India economy transformation will be increasingly relevant for global growth.
The latest projections by IMF indicate that India will continue to be the
fastest growing major economy this year and the coming year. India is globally
recognised as a key player in IT, healthcare, pharmaceuticals, space and
digitalization. India can play a
crucial role as an engine of growth, as a provider of knowledge as an example
of social and economic transformation under democratic auspices.
India’s assumption of G20 presidency in December 2022 is an opportunity
for more concerted global cooperation in mitigating climate change, addressing
the debt burdens faced by developing countries, ensuring global health
security, clean energy technologies, etc... The theme ‘Vasudeva Kutumbam’ ‘one
earth’ ‘one family’, ‘one future’ reflects India’s commitment towards global
cause. India is also joining Indo
Pacific Economic Cooperation framework which will further broaden economic
cooperation within Asia.
The paper will examine the impact of global crisis on India and how
India is going to address the issues of Energy Crisis, Digital Transformation,
and Climate Finance and how Indian response will help in mitigating global
economic crisis. The paper will also discuss how increasing flows between
countries in the Asian region and trade will create powerful new networks for
industrialization, innovation, cultural and occupational mobility to reinforce
those flows and connections and will lead to global resurgence.
Zamaswazi CELE
Durban University of Technology, South Africa
BRICS in Africa:
Climate change and just energy transition impacting Small businesses in South
Africa and other BRICS nations
The issue of electricity and climate change continue to be the biggest
challenges that South Africa and other African continents faces as of date.
Sub-Saharan Africa still has a high demand of electricity and only 290 million
of the 950 million people have access to electricity. South Africa has
experience massive rainfalls that has caused damage worth $billions and taking
peoples life. The global concerns about the burning of the fossil fuel have
caused massive climate crises, leading to small businesses and entrepreneurs
being impacted negatively. The BRICS countries aim is to find ways to develop
one another globally, finding innovative way to grow the economy and reduce
poverty and inequality. Just energy transition is one the 2030 Agenda that the
BRICS nations are in board and pledged with other 100 countries to reach carbon
neutrality. This paper adopts literature reviews which focus on BRICS
cooperation within the African content and looks at finding innovation ways of
resolving the energy and climate crises that keeps on affecting small
businesses and entrepreneurs.
Gracjan CIMEK
Polish Naval Academy, Gdyina, Poland
"Globalczyk"
as a product of the civilisation of capitalist realism "
Civilization in the 21st century gave birth to a "Globalczyk".
Such a statistical Polish Kowalczyk, but on a global scale. It is therefore the
result of the increasing complexity of the network of connections affecting the
functioning of the social character of the individual, which develops as a
result of basic experiences and the way of collective life. The economic
structure and the educational system that corresponds to it have a decisive
influence. Thus, the "Globalczyk" is primarily a product of the
globalization process as a carrier of capitalist realism. This process,
triggered by the "avalanche of rushing" accumulated capital, in its
pursuit of mastering the entire world, tries to subordinate all dimensions of
human life as a social being to its own systemic principle, i.e. profit above
all (Noam Chomsky).The purpose of the paper is a critical characteristics of
the "Globalczyk" as an effect of the hegemony of the West and
indication how a multipolar world can change for the better the characteristics
of human beings living in a world of increasing interdependence.
Selcuk COLAKOGLU
BNU-HKBU United International College, China
Does MIKTA join
the BRICS? The Limits of Middle Powers` Engagement with the BRICS
There has been a growing emphasis on middle powers and the roles they
can play on the global stage in the 2000s. Five of the G20's middle powers
declared their participation in a new formation termed MIKTA (Mexico,
Indonesia, South Korea, Turkey, and Australia) in 2013. MIKTA primarily aims to
serve and protect the interests of its five members in the G20 against the two
big power groupings, the G7 and the BRICS. MIKTA so far helps these five middle
powers to be efficiently included in the decision-making process concerning
global financial management within the G20. Recently, Indonesia, Mexico, and
Turkey have shown their eagerness to engage with the BRICS. This article aims
to clarify whether MIKTA can survive or efficiently works if its members join
the BRICS. The article also elaborates on whether MIKTA can develop
institutional cooperation with the BRICS.
Alain DE NEVE
Royal Higher Institute for Defence, Belgium
"From
“technological catch-up” to “peer competition”: China’s evolving space
strategy"
In January 2022, China issued a white paper on the country’s space
programme. Entitled “China's Space Program: A 2021 Perspective", the
document introduces China's purposes, principles, policies and measures, and
cooperative mind-set in its space exploration. It summarizes China's
achievements in space science, space technology and space application.
China, which has long been perceived as an “outsider” in the space
market, has gone far beyond the stage of technological catch-up. China is now
showing a mastery of capabilities across a wide spectrum of applications,
scientific, commercial and military. Today, the country is a proven and
renowned space power, competing for ever-increasing market shares with the
historical space powers. In ten years, Beijing has doubled the number of annual
launches. Since the beginning of 2022 the country has totalized a number of 46
successful launches (out of 47 operations), which places it in second place
behind the United States which, mainly thanks to SpaceX activism, are just at
the top of the podium with 49 shots fired in the same period. China has a wide
variety of launchers, light, medium and heavy; the goal is to capture public or
private customers looking for suitable, flexible and fast launch solutions. She
is currently designing a rocket whose power will be comparable to that of the
Space Launch System (SLS), which recently sent the Orion module around the moon
as part of the Artemis programme.
Space represents for China a domain at the service of economic
prosperity but also a instrument of influence vis-à-vis partner countries and,
ultimately, a leverage of regional and global power. The Chinese military
strategy of 2015 explicitly mentions the role of the space tool in
«computerized local wars». That is why the People’s Liberation Army (LPA),
which runs the vast majority of the country’s space programs, has invested
heavily in communications, radio navigation and as well as intelligence,
surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) assets. As a result, China has no less
than 60 communications satellites, 4 of which are entirely dedicated to
military use. In the long term, China aims to integrate quantum technology into
its space communication devices. The Quantum Experimentation at Space Scale
(QUESS) should ensure maximum security of its devices through the quantum
cryptography of links. In the field of radio-navigation, the Beidou
constellation reached its full operational capacity in June 2020. The system
offers a global decametric accuracy and a less than 5 metres precision in the
Asia-Pacific region. It also provides a secure service for the LPO and a
command and control (C2) capability.
These are only few examples of the efforts engaged and programmes
initiated by China in order to hold the line with historical space powers.
China is also ready to explore the moon's polar regions and is mulling over a
manned lunar landing. The country also vows to improve space debris monitoring
and expand the space environment governance system with a near-Earth object
defence system and space-ground space climate monitoring system planned,
according to the paper.
China’s stance regarding space security is particularly ambiguous and
paradoxical. On one hand, Beijing and Moscow are cooperating within the UN
(COPUOS) in order to limit militarization of space. Among the annually
discussed resolutions within the UN, that on the Prevention of an Arms Race in
Outer Space (PAROS) or on the No First Placement of Weapons in Space, sponsored
by China and Russia tend to show that both countries are resolute to foster
legally binding agreements in order to secure space. On the other hand, ASAT
tests and other technological exercises conducted by China since 2007, as well
as other co-orbital manoeuvres aimed at demonstrating the country’s aptitude to
transform any satellite into an “improvised space weapon system”, tend to prove
China’s resolve to preserve at any cost its freedom of action in space.
Our proposal aims to understand the evolution of the Chinese space
strategy both through the programs undertaken by the country’s civil and
military authorities and the initiatives taken within the framework of the UN.
The underlying question we will try to answer is this: through its space
activities, both civilian and military, does China pursue a policy of stability
or is it targeting-Will it achieve technological parity with established space
powers?
Swary Utami DEWI
TP3PS, Social Forestry Working Group of the Ministry of Environment and
Forestry, Indonesia
Doughnut
Economics and Social Forestry
Doughnut Economics is a theory by Kate Raworth. It is an alternative approach
to the current "traditional" economics, which still heavily focuses
on economy aspects. Raworth urges us to keep a balance between people and the
planet. It focuses not only on economic, but also on social and ecological
aspects.
A doughnut consists of two concentric rings. The first ring is a social
foundation to ensure that no one is left behind on life's essentials. The
second one is an ecological ceiling to ensure that people do not overshoot the
planetary boundaries that protect the earth. It is regarded as a pathway to
save the earth and all living-species from anthropogenic destructions
In Indonesia, Perhutanan Sosial (Social Forestry) has a similar pattern
to the Doughnut Theory. It is a sustainable forest management system, by
local/customary communities to improve their welfare, keep environmental
aspects and manage well socio-cultural dynamics. It aims to alleviate poverty,
prevent injustice, stop deforestation, end forest conflicts etc. It works based
on the principles of ecological, social and economic.
The Government of Indonesia grants legal access for 35 years, subject to
extension, for local/customary communities. The Ministry of Environmental and
Forestry allocates 12.7 million hectares.
In 2022, it is about 5.2 million hectares of State-forest area has been
granted to communities and farmer groups, including women. It covers about 5
million people.
In addition, many practices of Perhutanan Sosial have been carried out
by the local communities for generations. They are called "kearifan
tradisional", the local wisdoms. Each has its own local name. For example,
"Karang Kitri" and "Talun" (in Java),
"Tembawang", "Simpunk" and "Bahuma" (in
Kalimantan), "Talang", "Repong", and "Hutan Kemenyan'
(in Sumatra) and "Kobong" (North Mollucas).
While Raworth's theory is "an offer" for a better future, in
Indonesia local wisdom practices have existed for generations. Through
"Perhutanan Sosial", they have truly "walked the talk".
This is an example to prove that the
people have strength, wisdom and abilities to address the global issues
(injustice, climate change, etc.).
Nihal GRII
University Ibn Tofail of Kenitra, India
Study on
Innovation & Growth in asian countries 2007-2020
Asha HANS
Development Research Institute, Bhubaneswar, India
“Human Security:
Feminist Perspectives on Climate Change Crises”
There is a growing recognition that the dominant state security paradigm
is dysfunctional, as the Ukraine-Russia war has recently underlined. A widening
of the security discourse presents possibilities for alternatives. Feminist
security perspectives seek to illuminate global crises, so as to inspire ways
of thinking more conducive to the survival of humanity and our planet.
The central inquiry of presentation will be: How do three existential
global crises of climate change, patriarchy, and the war system impact the
experience of and possibilities for human security?
It will address the challenge from a feminist-futurist lens with
interactions among and between the: the Climate Crisis resulting from failure
to adopt a sustainable life resulting from misguided development and
environmentally destructive technologies; war and weaponry: war and the
“weapons culture”; and Patriarchal norms:
the oppression women as the origin of patriarchal authoritarianism.
It is important as the proliferation of environmental disasters, armed
struggles and ideological conflicts have brought more severe gender disparities
and increasing reduction in the human security of women revealing a deficit in
the
existing security system, and the imperative of the search for a gender
just alternative.
The presentation will provide recent examples in discussing the topic
Jani Purnawanty JASFIN
Faculty of Law, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
Renewable energy
regulations by developing countries in the perspective of the WTO subsidy
agreement
One of the ways to ensure access to affordable and reliable energy for
all, energy production must have enough space to operate as efficiently as
possible. Running the energy sector requires a rules-based system that
guarantees the non-discriminatory operation of market mechanisms (MFN and NTO),
regulatory transparency, and access to fair, open and impartial adjudicative
processes. The WTO system employs these rights and obligations. Therefore, at
this point, the WTO rules and the interests of the energy sector meet. It is
essential to examine the government's role in designing and supporting the
renewable energy program and the compatibility of existing regulations in
Indonesia with multilateral trade rules in the WTO.
The WTO Agreement does not provide a specific framework for renewable
energy. What is interesting for developing countries like Indonesia is the
emergence of the need to examine the availability of policies needed to promote
various renewable energy program. The discussion will be focused on the
Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCMs Agreement) and examine
the extent to which there is room for policy-making in line with the WTO
framework. The research method applied is normative juridical by reviewing the
relevant WTO Agreements and regulations regarding Indonesia's renewable energy.
So far, there has been much discussion about renewable energy from an
investment policy perspective. Meanwhile, much still needs to be done to link
renewable energy issues with the WTO subsidy policy. This writing aims to
articulate the need for a national policy formulation that determines the
limits of government intervention consistent with the WTO Agreement --primarily
the SCMs Agreement- to support the development of Indonesia's new energy and
renewable energy sector.
Jinil JOHN
University of Kerala, India
Strategic
Influence and Equilibrium of Nepal over India-China
The development of numerous additional tiny states and powers after the
conclusion of the Cold War helped close this vacuum in the literature on
international politics. The possibility of researching the development of this
category of states' foreign policies and holding a powerful position in international
relations improved with the end of the superpower rivalry. Small states and
powers attempt to become the centre of international politics and do have an
impact on world politics through their government's policy choices. Smaller
governments in South Asia are now able to obtain concessions and resources from
both China and India without overtly or tacitly associating with either, unlike
during the Cold War when they had to choose one giant over the other to gain an
advantage. Nepal is a landlocked nation wedged between China (in the north) and
India, two massive neighbours (in the east, south and west). Many of the
smaller states are able to avoid forging alliances with either side due to the
high levels of economic interdependence between China and India and the absence
of rivalries akin to the Cold War. India has unquestionable influence
throughout South Asia due to its size, comparative economic strength, and
historical and cultural significance to the area. China has recently
established itself as an important economic partner to nations all throughout
the area, developing strong ties with smaller states through commerce,
diplomacy, aid, and investment. There is no exception to this in Nepal.
Scholarly and media attention has been drawn to the rivalry between these two
global powers in the economic, political, and diplomatic spheres. This study
will analyse Nepal's geopolitical sensitivity and geostrategic equilibrium with
China and India. We are far less familiar with China's expanding connections
and disputes with India, which also affect other parts of the South Asian
subcontinent and beyond.
Edvardas JUCHNEVICIUS
University of Gdansk, Poland
Cryptocurrencies and virtual currencies in the world of finance are the
epitome of a new revolution. In fact, there have been many scientific
discussions and legal regulations about cryptocurrencies. However, the subject
is still of interest to scientists and practitioners. In this paper, the author
focuses on the analysis of the above-mentioned instruments in the light of
Islamic law.
Péter KLEMENSITS
Eurasia Center, John von Neumann University, Budapest, Hungary
The Philippines
in the Era of Global Crisis - Ferdinand Marcos and the Challenges of Philippine
Foreign Policy
In the spring of 2022, in addition to the effects of the Covid 19
pandemic and climate change, the world had to deal with the negative
consequences of the Russian-Ukrainian war. While the confrontation between
Western countries and Russia intensified, the relationship between the United
States and China did not relax, and the geopolitical fault lines in the new
world order were even more pronounced than before. At the same time, the war
triggered a severe economic crisis that affected developing countries in
particular. The states of Southeast Asia are still interested in resolving the
conflict and maintaining cooperation between the great powers, and they do not
want to choose sides. The challenges facing ASEAN members are exemplified by
the Philippines, where Ferdinand Marcos Jr. won the May 2022 presidential
election. To some extent, the new head of state has sought to follow the
foreign policy of his predecessor, Rodrigo Duterte, i.e., building a beneficial
economic partnership with China while preserving his country's independence and
maintaining a security alliance with the United States
The aim of this presentation is to build on the achievements of
Duterte's "independent" foreign policy and examine the impact of the
Russia-Ukraine war in Southeast Asia to paint an accurate picture of the
country's foreign policy challenges at the end of 2022. This includes an
account of President Marcos' foreign, security, and economic policy strategy
and his ambitions vis-à-vis major powers, particularly the United States,
China, and Russia. It is explained that although the international environment
has changed considerably, Marcos intends to pursue a foreign policy strategy
essentially initiated by his father, whereby he does not want to subordinate
himself strategically to the West and rejects a unilateral rapprochement with
China. Instead, he seeks simultaneous cooperation with all influential powers,
including the United States, India, China, South Korea and Japan.
Jishnu KOLORATH
University of Kerala, India
International
technology transfer in strategic sectors: Realist and Marxist views in contest.
The world's economic development is seen from various perspectives as
different from a force of modernisation to a world system of unequal resource
sharing and uneven development. Global economic development is mediated through
the negotiations between firms and nations that are owners and beneficiaries or
recipients and dependents of the technology transfers. The medium of these
negotiations has evolved from imperialism to newer tools of neoliberalism like,
FDI and IPR laws.
The mode of international technology transfer has a different colour in
strategic sectors, which determine the security and national interests of
participant nations. Arrangements like
TRIPS control and modulate international technology transfers in civilian
sectors, in favour of host country's national interest for the realist,
economic interests of bourgeoisie entities like the MNCs for the Marxists, and
benefiting all for the liberal minds.
The international technology transfers in strategic sectors like defence
or dual use technological fields like nuclear paint a different picture as the
stress on national security has a heavier weight, yet the influence of an
unequal world system neither diminishes. My paper intends to analyse the
contrasting claims of the Realists and Marxists about the technological
difference between the global North and South. The reasons for the
technological lag, especially in the strategic sector can be explained both
using national interest and dependency arguments in mind. Issues like delay in
technology transfer and influence of international regimes need to be closely
analysed.
Devender KUMAR
Rashtriya Raksha University, India
devenderkumarsolanki@gmail.com
Conflicts and
Geopolitical Trends in West Asia: An Overview
Since the uprisings of 2011 following the self-immolation act by
Mohammad Bouazizi-West Asia witnessed rapid transformation, turmoil, and
changes. The usage of force and authoritative behaviour by many rulers forced
the people to demand regime change and marked the change of government in
Tunisia, Libya and Egypt. The similar waves in Syria and Yemen intermixed with
the persistent anger and ethnic divisions-paved the way for the non-state
actors take over. While the involvement of regional and external actors added
more fuel to the fire with air strikes. Such scenarios have also led to worst
humanitarian crisis in some states in the region. Whether, it is the Iran-Saudi
rivalry, Iran-Israel rivalry, Qatar Crisis, Israel-Palestine conflict or the
issue of terrorism and ISIS, all pose major challenge to regional peace and
stability. Although, recent protests in Iran following the death of Mehsa Amini
also shows Iranian resentment against the Islamic framework proposed by
Khomeini. The proposed paper is an attempt to examine current geopolitical
trends in West Asia.
Suman KUMARI
Jamia Millia
islamia, Delhi, India
BRICS: In the emerging
world order
The world is facing unprecedented challenges in the domain of
geopolitics, global governances, and economic co-operation. With the growing
rivalry between the U.S and China there is a rise of authoritarianism threat to
disrupt the liberal international order. The institution of liberal order is
under strain due to the decline in the influence of U.S and growing economic
market of China and this has been further pushed by covid pandemic. So the
world has clearly become multipolar in which regional powers are exerting far
more influence than what they did during the cold war. As the emerging
economies Russia, India, Brazil, and South Africa have become influential
regional players.
This paper will explore BRICS as an organisation and its role in global
governance and what has made them question the hierarchy that exist in the
institutions of the liberal international order. And will this multilateral
institution provide a platform for developing states to socialise, share
information and voice their dissatisfaction over the unrepresentative nature of
many of the international institutions like: World Bank, IMF etc. This paper
will also explore the impact of rising economies of BRICS countries on global
order and will it force the existing international institutions like World
Bank, IMF, World Trade Organization, and the United Nations to undergo urgent
reform to remain relevant in the fast-changing world order. It will also assess
the prospects of BRICS in the foreseeable future.
Sinu KUNJUMON
University of Kerala, India
Decoding the
visions: US vs. China in the Indo-pacific
The most important geopolitical development in the Indo-Pacific is the
evolving tug-of-war between US and China. The term change from ‘Asia Pacific’
to Indo-Pacific, strained the US-Sino relations so deeply. The US- China
rivalry can be defined as clash of ideologies, interests, values and
perspectives. The decoupling between
the two powers spreads across various dimensions of Indo-Pacific affairs
includes, trade, infrastructure, maritime, technology and environment. The area
in which the competition is especially pronounced is in the shaping of regional
affairs. An analysis of each countries national interest and their vision for
the Indo-Pacific region is important for understanding the nuances of the
unfolding great power rivalry in the region.
This paper seeks to address the questions: What are their goals for
foreign policy in the region and the vision about their role? How does US and
China perceive each other? What are the US interests and Chinese interests in
the Indo-Pacific Region. So, this paper will discuss the vision of US and China
for the Indo-Pacific, the principles upon which their visions are built, the
prime policies adopted by these countries for ensuring the success of their
vision and analyse whether their visions are complementing or contradicting to
each other.
Nisful LAILA
Universitas
Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
Halal Industry:
Potential and Opportunities
This research is to find out the potential and opportunities for the
halal industry on a global scope. This study used the literature review method
from previous publications. The results show that the opportunities for the
halal industry in the world are driven by the development of the Muslim
population worldwide, the growth of the GDP of Muslim countries, the growing
halal market, Muslim lifestyle offerings, and the growth of the halal ecosystem
(Azam & Abdullah, 2020). Investment in the Islamic economic sector in all
OIC and certain non-OIC markets grew by 118% to US$25.7 billion in 2020/2021
from US$11.8 billion in 2019/2020. During the pandemic, several sectors of the
halal industry experienced developments, such as halal fashion,
pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. Halal fashion is experiencing an increase due
to increased online shopping. This is a potential investment opportunity. The pharmaceutical
sector provides the potential for low-income countries. Through bilateral
agreements, more vaccines are produced in OIC countries than before. The
manufacture of the COVID-19 vaccine will support the development of other
vaccines that have the potential to be halal-certified for export. In both
Muslim and non-Muslim majority countries awareness of halal cosmetics is
increasing. Hourglass Cosmetics and Unilever have created a vegan carmine
alternative to lipstick. East Asia has cemented its position as the epicenter
of halal cosmetics. South Korean cosmetic manufacturers and brands, which are
driving the global popularity of K-beauty are continuously striving for halal
certification (Standart, 2022). With the opportunities and potential of the halal
industry, halal entrepreneurs can take advantage of it as a new halal business.
This new halal business can introduce halal products/services; not only for
Muslims but also for non-Muslims (Battour et al., 2022). The government can
also open up opportunities and support for the halal industry and export
systems that will be developed. At the same time, experts can map and develop
plans regarding prospects for halal businesses that can be maintained during a
crisis (Hidayat et al., 2022)
C Bhagyasree MENON
University of Kerala, India
India as an
emerging global power: an assessment of indian information technology in IT
revolution
The current study attempts to concentrate on the contribution of India's
IT sector to its development and as a rising global power in the fourth
industrial revolution, often known as industry 4.0. The global IT revolution
changed variety of things, including how nations relate to one another, how
they approach development, and how their populations communicate with one
another across borders. Additionally, India ranks third on most desirable
investment for technology transfer and 40th overall in GII. The Indian IT
sector contributed around 7.5 percent to the country's GDP in 2022, expects to
grow to 15 percent in 2035. India has become an emerging nation in the
development of IT thanks to advances in cutting-edge technologies like
artificial intelligence, internet of things, big data analytics and balance between
these fields and humans which are products of fourth industrial revolution.
India also maintains positive tech ties with US, Japan, and soon. Along with
these advancements, consideration should also be given to India's cyber laws
when it comes to public participation in IT sector. The fundamental framework
for the advancement of Indian information technology was laid by IT Act of
2000. It is extremely important to India's rise as a global force because it
would let people to participate freely in cyber space, making India a
participatory e-democracy with wide range of ideas and opinions. Although
numerous types of cyber regulations exist in India in various areas, they
appear to be insufficient to handle the situation. The study heavily relies on
secondary sources to assess these changes and gaps. The paper suggests ways to
make India a worldwide IT powerhouse by promoting digital literacy, expanding
e-government services, fostering international IT industry cooperation, and
improving current cyber regulations.
Mohittha MOHAN
University of Kerala, India
The EU and the UK
Post Brexit: Impacts and Implications on India
India has significantly relied on some countries as developing states
and regional powers. India enthusiastically modifies its strategy with its vast
strengths as a new global order emerges. After World War II, the UK became a
crucial member and the foundation of the European Union. The UK strengthened
the European Union by holding a permanent seat on the Security Council. The
British exit from the European Union is known as Brexit. Before Brexit, Indian
businesses saw the UK as a route into the EU. India's top trading partner is
the EU. India and the UK have traditionally enjoyed a solid bilateral
connection. Brexit is a major topic right now and is widely discussed. The
European Union would be affected financially and economically if Britain left
the organisation. Shortly, the rate of exports and imports between India, the
EU, and the UK will increase along new growth trajectories. There are other
issues that India and the EU share, but from India's perspective, the EU has
not handled those issues in a way that helps India. Brexit could challenge the
strategic partnership between India and the EU, and India would need to learn
how to handle its relations with the EU without the UK. The 45-year
relationship between Britain and the EU became complex when Brexit
simultaneously appeared. The EU and India are also involved in trade and
investment in Britain. It also takes a multilateral relationship into account.
The effects and ramifications of the trilateral connection between the two
countries are examined in this paper. Then explore how Brexit has affected the
relationship between India and the UK. Additionally, it identifies potential
sites for upcoming trade deals. To examine the impact of India's EU ties on the
causes of Brexit. Finally, be aware of India's significant difficulties and
prospects.
Paolo MOTTA
EURISPES, Rome,
Italy
What perspectives for BRICS
& NAM Urban Future?
Despite the fact that the COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the negative
impacts of concentration in metropolitan areas and that a reflection on the
settlement model is needed, the general interest continues to be focused on
strictly related urban issues with almost no attention on the increased
urban-rural imbalances. In fact, with some recent exceptions, none of the
international agencies or governmental bodies have dealt with this issue in
depth. It is in recent months that even China, which until recently was the
promoter of accelerated urbanization policies, is partially reconsidering them
in the light of the growing gap in the standard of living between urban and
rural areas and the demographic decline, more marked in the cities.
The heavy restrictions, which have affected millions of residents in
large cities, with the consequent drop in productive activities, decrease in
GDP and social discontent, are starting an overall reflection, not only in
terms of settlement location, but also based on values not only economic. This
is just one example of a foreseen global turning point that affects many of the
economic models and interests, linked to urbanization, more consolidated in
industrialized countries, therefore a change can take place more easily in
emerging countries, including the BRICs and the NAMs. It is precisely in them
that the greatest number of new large megalopolises is developing, where it is
advisable to act more promptly. Despite the growing problems of urban
concentrations, little or nothing has been done strategically to mitigate the
negative effects, in some cases by creating other mega cities or alternative
projects! So the question is whether the principles, declarations and
objectives promoted by the BRICS & NAM on equal collective well-being,
sustainable development, etc, can have a real application in reducing
urban-rural imbalances and mitigating the current negative impacts of
urbanisation.
What real perspectives are there for a renewed approach by these countries??
Wolfgang PAPE
CEPS, Brussels, EU
Asia Rising for
Omnilateral Governance
The definition of Asia is very eurocentric, in geography as well as in
politics, as the “continent” literally means Eurasian. The headlined Rise of
Asia refers mainly to the lands from India to the East where recently regional
integration has expanded over a vast variety of different economic spaces, e.g.
RCEP, CPTPP beyond well-established ASEAN. Also politically, they form a major
part of the 100 countries that have officially refused in 2022 to implement
sanctions on Russia, mainly in a spirit of non-alignment. This neutrality
should lead to open a deeper debate about the functioning of the outdated
inter-national order of governance which was set up by the west and imposed on
the rest. Now again, the global (dis)order is polarising the world into two
opposing camps.
Since forcing the notion of the nation through (de)colonisation upon the
world with the Westphalian System of 1648, the illusion of absolute sovereignty
with the monopoly of violence of such nations has led to countless wars, often over
their mostly artificial borders. Regional integration beyond these national
limitations is proliferating since World War II and renders conflicts among the
participating states less likely, if not impossible. Starting with the European
Union and ASEAN but also with the African Union and Mercosur, on all continents
steppingstones are laid to stabilise a path towards enhancing governance beyond
nations. With the Rise of Asia which has no history of the anachronistic
concept of divisive nationhood and fixed borders but has traditionally
practised a rather Mandala-like emanation of soft power, the Westphalian System
of old is increasingly failing. Thus, the outdated formality of voting by only
narrow-minded highly unequal nations under the hackneyed phrase of
multi-lateralism of the UN must cede space to the convincing voices of
legitimate global stakeholders in order to omnilaterally attain the common good
for all in the world.
Francesco PETRONE
Instituto
Interdisciplinario de Estudios Internacionales (IEI), UNTREF, Buenos Aires,
Argentina.
Latin America at
a crossroads: with the West or with “the Rest”?
Latin America is going through a peculiar period from a social, economic
and political point of view. The recent pandemic has had serious consequences
on the region, which finds itself at a crossroads regarding which direction to
take in the next years. Politically, the return of new leftist governments (as
in Chile and Brazil) could have important consequences on the geopolitical
framework of the continent.
Historically under hegemonic control by the United States, Latin
American countries are now faced with key choices: to remain entangled in the
“Monroe Doctrine”, and therefore in check by the United States, or to try to
open new paths by adhering to new (and non-Westerners) blocks, such as the
BRICS. The BRICS are interested in expanding their group and, at least in
theory, are the spokesperson for a vision of the world which also places the
Global South at the center of the global agenda. The Global South (and
therefore Latin America also) has historically been exploited by centuries of
colonialism and imperialism, and has played a marginal role in the liberal
international system inaugurated by the US and its European allies after the
Second World War.
On the other hand, as evidenced by the new BRICS presidency by South
Africa, these five “emerging powers” intend to expand and open their alliance
to new members (according to the so-called "BRICS plus" strategy).
Among the countries that have applied to join the group, there is also
Argentina. If accepted, as is assumed, Argentina's entry into the BRICS block,
together with Brazil which is already a member, would open up new prospects for
Latin America, which would see the two largest countries of the region joining
the BRICS.
There are already several debates in this regard: some scholars argue
that South America should change its strategy. Thus, in their view, the region
should adhere to new and different initiatives (such as the BRICS). On the
other hand, some instead have a more conservative position. Finally, among
these visions, some other scholars advocate a "non-alignment": i.e.
neither with the West, nor with "the Rest".
How will this situation evolve? Without a doubt, this historical moment
is critical for Latin America, and could also be crucial for the future of the
global order.
Roshni PK
University of Kerala, India
The tribal land
question in Kerala: a socio-historical background of tribal land alienation
India is the home of different kinds of indigenous people. Scheduled
Tribes are the most marginalized and underdeveloped communities scattered
across India. Many tribes were displaced, companies encroached on their lands,
and some continued fighting to protect their homes or demand just compensation.
The government was denying these people the most fundamental sources of
livelihood by removing forest lands for industry and plantation forestry rather
than protecting the native species that support their way of life. The lives
and livelihoods of tribal communities in Kerala largely depend upon the forest
and natural resources. The governmental policies and programs adversely
affected tribal communities in Kerala. They are the victims of large-scale
development projects, including the construction of dams and long-standing
politics, land laws, etc. Kerala is well known for its socioeconomic development
and land reform policies. But these reforms least benefited the tribes in
Kerala because they were historically living in the forest. Another critical
factor for the deprivation of tribes faced and continues to face is land
alienation. Small land holdings, a lack of resources and infrastructure for
agriculture, conflicts with wild animals, particularly elephants, and drought
in rain-fed agricultural areas due to inadequate rainfall put tribes'
livelihoods at risk. Tribal people's malnutrition has a direct relationship
with food and an indirect relationship with non-food factors. Some tribal
hamlets in Kerala, especially Attapady in the Palakkad district of Kerala, have
the lowest life expectancy rate and living conditions. The governments,
political parties, and media ignore tribes in Kerala. They have to struggle for
their existence. This paper attempts to discuss the problem of tribal land
alienation and the socio- historical background of the tribal land alienation.
Dr Bijay Ketan PRATIHARI
Academy of International Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia University,
Delhi, India
The Post Pandemic
World Order and India
The enormity of the crisis is a clear hint to the fact that the post-Second
World War structure and architecture is not competent and ready to manage the
crisis of this scale. It has developed several iniquitous structure and visions
under the influence of the powerful countries and therefore failed to build and
promote strong multilateral institutions and mechanism with shared vision to
deal with such common threats and challenges. Thus the response strategy and
its pace in the face of this pandemic has been characterized by narrow and
parochial approach which is worrisome and going to complicate and test hard the
mankind as never before. The major players of the present global architecture
are on the way to lose their legitimacy in the future world order. The
immediate post-Corona world is going to witness considerable uncertainty,
contest for new legitimacy and acceptance of new players and leaders of the
emerging world order.
Situation like this involves risks and unassured outcomes but also
throws new opportunities to the bold and performer. It is surely a moment of opportunity
for a country like India to prove its capacity, leadership vision and chart a
decisive course to the frontline of the World Order underway.
Adistiar PRAYOGA
Universitas
Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
Challenging
Agricultural SMES in Disruption and Digitalization Era
Abhishek PS
Department of Political Science, University of Kerala, India
Israeli settlement
policy in the occupied palestinian territories and its impact on palestinians
The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is one of the world's longest-running
conflicts, lasting numerous years. Early on, the region had tensions by public
pronouncements of claims to a Jewish homeland in Palestine, such as the 1897
First Zionist Congress and the 1917 Balfour Declaration. The area had a tiny
minority Jewish population at the time, but it increased rapidly due to massive
Jewish immigration. Following the adoption of the Palestine Mandate, which
contained a statutory commitment from the British government to create a
national home for Jews in Palestine, tensions between Jews and Arabs escalated
into sectarian conflict. One of the central issues in the confrontation is
Israel's strategy of constructing settlements in occupied territory.
Settlements are illegal under international law because they were built on
confiscated or stolen Palestinian land. The number of settlers is increasing
daily in occupied Palestine, and Israel used various plans to build settlements
across the area. Settlements also make it harder for Palestinians to get things
they need, like land and water. They keep a system of separation and legal and
structural inequality between Palestinians and Israelis, which continues even
today. The paper focuses on how far the Israeli settlement policy in occupied
Palestine has impacted Palestinians' livelihood and their dream of an
independent state. It will also cover the various plans used by the Israeli government
to build settlements across occupied Palestine and the violation of the
fundamental rights of Palestinians .
Muhsin PUTHAN PURAYIL
University of Hyderabad, India
Caught up in a
Dichotomic Moment: India’s Public Diplomacy During Ukraine Crisis
The Ukraine crisis has caught India off-guard. With two close partners,
the US and Russia, at loggerheads with each other rendering India unable to
pick a side, New Delhi was forced to play a balancing act between the two. To
make matters worse, the full-blown Russo-Ukraine war with the Kremlin’s
aggression in the form of various human rights violations has made India’s
balancing act come across as support for Russia, causing reputational damage to
India. New Delhi faced international opprobrium for the perceived performative
absence of its well-consolidated, democratic character on the world stage.
Consequently, India was forced to defend its stance and counter the narrative
of active support for Russia.
This paper seeks to answer these questions by examining India’s effort
to operationalize policy justification through public diplomacy with reference
to what Joseph Nye calls the “day-to-day dimension” of public diplomacy
involving “explaining the context of domestic and foreign policy decisions,”
and “dealing with crises and countering attacks” (Nye, 1990, p. 107-109 Soft
power- means to success in world politics). Questions are: how does India
engage in defending its stance? What is the nature of India’s counter-narrative
strategy? What is the perspective that is emerging from India’s response to the
war, specifically to the West’s call for rallying against Russia?
By reviewing media reports, various official documents and statements from
the Indian government, the paper argues that India’s policy justification
featured a counter-hegemonic tone. Anti-colonial sentiment largely amplified a
critique of the Anglo-phone-centered worldview of international politics
featured the frontier of India’s public diplomacy for sublimating its political
stance. If anything, it can be safely assumed that strategic autonomy continues
to remain at the foundation for India’s foreign policy.
Abdul RAHEM
Halal Center Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
The involvement
of Universitas Airlangga in halal research and community outreach after the
legalization of Act No. 33 of 2014 in Indonesia
Nowadays, halal terminology (derived from Arabic and the Islamic
religion) has become a public issue. Beyond the boundaries of nation and
religion. This is triggered by the ease of technology, communication and
information as well as the increasing mobility of the population. Therefore, allows
for the exchange of values and culture, opening commercial opportunities and
increasing market share in different regions. Indonesia, which has a Muslim
population of 237.56 million, is a potential market for the halal industry. The
government of Indonesia legalized the Halal Guarantee Act No. 33 of 2014. This
regulation creates stability within the Muslim community as a majority
population that consumes halal food, beverages, drugs and cosmetics.
Furthermore, it may open up new product and engineering designs that are of
public interest, as well as the competitiveness of domestic from trade openness
in the world.
The above conditions are one of the goals of Universitas Airlangga to
conduct research, innovation and community outreach to support the achievement
of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Through the Halal Center,
Universitas Airlangga compiles research ideas and innovations that support the
creation of halal products such as the Pork Detection Kit. Also, UV-Vis
spectroscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy for lard analysis.
Apart from that, Universitas Airlangga is also developing a halal vaccine for
COVID-19 called INAVAC (The first national COVID-19 vaccine); The halal stem
cell products for anti-ageing and medical therapy (Best Innovation in Indonesia
Halal Industry Awards 2022); the development of halal capsule shells to
increase disintegration time; the Development of halal bone graft products from
beef bones, and other research for halal product development.
Regarding community outreach, Universitas Airlangga Halal Center
conducts the programs to support the harmonization of the implementation of
Halal Guarantee Act No. 33 of 2014 for all multicultural citizens in Indonesia.
Then, organizing training for halal internal auditors and halal slaughterers.
Universitas Airlangga Halal Center is committed to empowering and assisting
MSMEs to produce halal products and obtain halal certificates.
Kiran RAJ V
University of Kerala, India
kiranrajv@keralauniversity.ac.in
Attitude of
Turkish government towards Kurdish people: reconciliation and repression since
Erdogan’s era.
Kurds were one of the leading ethnic groups who lost their identity and
unity with the fall of the Ottoman empire. Since then, they have lived in a
geographical area that overlaps the borders of Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria in
West Asia. They have faced atrocities as a minority in these countries since
the post-World war period. Despite the constant insecurity and struggle for
survival, the status of the Kurds is quite different in each of these West
Asian states. The relationship between Turkey and Kurds is much problematic.
For decades, the international community has debated the status of the various
Kurdish-majority regions. As a result, it’s surprising that no clear-cut
solution to the problem has ever been devised. This paper traces the
relationship between Kurds and Turks from the beginning of the Ottoman Empire
to understand the formation of political violence and the evolution of Kurdish
nationalism. This paper focuses on the problems between Kurdish nationalism and
Turkish state identities and the impact of the Turkish state’s political
violence, state strategies, and Assimilationist policies on the Kurdish
movement. This paper also focuses on the reconciliation Methods adopted by
Erdogan’s government and the after-effects.
Ririn Tri RATNASARI
Universitas
Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
The Global Halal
Market
This research is to find out the industrial halal market which is
experiencing developments that will be an opportunity for stakeholders. This
study used the method of a literature review from various previously published
scientific articles. The results showed that there were 7 halal industry
sectors, namely halal food, Islamic finance, modest fashion, halal
pharmaceuticals, halal cosmetics, media, travel, and tourism. In 2021, as many
as 1.9 billion Muslim consumers have shopped in the real economic sector, all
of which are influenced by Muslim needs. Overall, Indonesia is ranked fourth on
the global Islamic economy indicator with Malaysia in the first position. There
are 81 countries included in the growing global Islamic economy indicator. This
indicates a strong Islamic economic ecosystem. The top four positions remain
unchanged from last year, with Malaysia retaining the top spot for the 9th year
in a row. After Malaysia are Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Indonesia. New entrants
including the UK and Kazakhstan made the top 15. Turkey and Singapore moved up
to 7th and 8th place. Nigeria and Sri Lanka have dropped and are not in the top
15 (Standart, 2022). With the increasing market for the halal industry, there
is a need to investigate indicators of the success of halal entrepreneurs in
the halal industry (Salaheldeen et al., 2021). In addition, halal entrepreneurs
and the government can take advantage of this opportunity to improve the
country's economic development and there is a need to develop a theoretical
framework on halal entrepreneurs and innovative opportunities in the halal
industry (Salaheldeen et al., 2022)
Amina REEM
University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, India
China-Taiwan
relations: implications for India
As the rising super power, China strives for global as well as regional
hegemony in Asia. Taiwan, in this regard, is a pivot to Chinese ambitions in
the continent and in Indo-Pacific. The ongoing tensions in the Taiwan Strait
pose an economic and security threat to Asian countries, particularly to those
having ambivalence to One-China Policy and Chinese wolf warrior diplomacy.
India’s relation with Taiwan has changed over the years. The estimated
bilateral trade between India and Taiwan in 2021 was over $ 7 billion.
Moreover, the ongoing negotiations on Free Trade Agreement (FTA) and the
congruence in India’s ‘Act East Policy’ and Taiwan’s ‘New Southbound Policy’
are some aspects of this strengthening economic cooperation. India, being a net security provider in the
Indo-Pacific, will have to face serious consequences of a conflict over Taiwan
at many levels ranging from security to economic domains.
In the wake of U.S. Speaker Nancy Pelosi’s contentious visit to Taiwan,
even though we maintained a strategic silence, it does have implications on our
economic engagement with the island. The Chinese military drills that followed
disrupted trade and global supply Chain which limited India-Taiwan economic
ties. Also, the destabilization of global semi-conductor industry is a major
concern. This strategic encirclement is part of Chinese plan to weaken Taiwan
economically by hampering its ties with outside world and minimize serious costs
to the country.
India’s refusal to reiterate One-China Policy after the visit of
speaker, being part of QUAD and Indo-US military exercise near LAC is a message
to China of how India will leverage its diplomatic weight despite its weaker
economy and less defence budget. Moreover, Taiwan issue do have overlapping
implications on other Asian countries and Indo-Pacific in a larger context.
Marco RICCERI
EURISPES - Istituto
di Studi Politici, Economici e Sociali, Rome, Italy
South Africa and
the BRICS 2023 presidency.What prospects for internal and external cooperation
of the coordination?
From 1 January 2023 South Africa assumed the presidency of the BRICS
Coordination and will host the 15th Summit which will take place in August 2023
on the following topic: “BRICS and Africa: Partnership for Mutually Accelerated
Growth, Sustainable Development and Inclusive Multilateralism”. As announced by
the South African authorities (January 2023) the intense program of meetings
and conferences that will take place in preparation for the summit will address
the following main thematic areas: a) Strengthening of internal cooperation,
economic growth and social and cultural cohesion between member states; b) Strengthening of their leadership at the
global level (statement by the President of South Africa Cyril Ramaphosa; c)
the promotion of a more intense and effective cooperation between the BRICS
states and the states of Africa and its coordinating institutions such as the
African Union (AU) and the African Continental Free Trade Area; d) the
extension of BRICS coordination to new member states (BRICS plus). The paper
addresses the complexity of these multiple objectives and perspectives with an
illustration of the main open problems facing the BRICS and provides cognitive
elements to identify the main areas of intervention in which it is possible to
foresee further progress on the journey made so far by the BRICS.
Rustinsyah RUSTINSYAH
Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Airlangga,
Surabaya, Indonesia
Implementing
Rural Development to Accelerate SDGs in
a Village, East Java, Indonesia.
Rural development includes the integrated development of natural and
human resources. The current rural development goals realize the SDGs, which
consist of 17 dimensions. One of the factors to support rural development is
the availability of funds sourced from village income, village funds, taxes and
others. Village funds are funds provided by the central government to villages.
The amount of village funds varies. In several cases, some villages needed help
to use village funds properly. However, on the other hand, some could make use
of them to significantly contribute to rural development. For this reason,
research is being carried out in 2022 using a qualitative research approach
concerning the implementation of rural development in accelerating SDGs
(Sustainable Development Goals) in Datinawong Village, Babad District, Lamongan
Regency. The village is independent. The research results are a) the
development program and implementation of Datinawong Village; b) Village
sources of income significantly contribute to rural development and can further
accelerate the SDGs, especially poverty, education and health. Therefore,
government and private support is continuously needed and needs to be
controlled so that the use of pens is right on target and can accelerate SDGs in
rural areas.
Anrilia EMA, Wanda
LISTIANI, Sri RUSTIYANTI, Ellysia ALENA, Sri SURAWANINGSIH
Institut Seni Budaya
Indonesia Bandung, Indonesia
Dantiang: the
impacts of global crisis and climate change
The post-Covid-19 global crisis and climate change are affecting the
growth of children. Children become the next generation of identity. A child's
identity is a cultural journey and a combination of many families, schools,
environments and social interactions. Plural identity continues to evolve as a
child grows into adulthood. The journey of identity search for a child is like
the rhythm of music and dances in a performance of life. The responses of
children and mothers to the global crisis and climate change are summarized in
the “Dantiang” performance.
Art project entitled "Dantiang'' presents a medley consisting of
the following Indonesian traditional songs: Gending Sriwijaya (a welcome song
from South Sumatera); Kicir-kicir (Jakarta); Es Lilin (Sundanese Song); and,
Manuk Dadali (Sundanese Song). The project is a combination of piano playing by
Ellysia Alena (12 years old), traditional dancing by Sri Rustiyanti (56 years
old), and contemporary performing by Sri Surawaningsih (67 years old). The
performers' response to the global crisis and climate change began with a
Gending and dancing. Using music and dance as a way to interact with the earth.
The idea is that to “Dantiang” music-dance is to heal both themselves and the
earth. This “Dantiang” performing was reflected that everything is changing
including identity and we are caring for the earth.
Ammu S
University of Kerala, India
One Belt One Road
Initiative of China and its Implication on India China Relations
Chinese President Xi Jinping announced the BRI plan in 2013. Through the
construction of roads and other infrastructure, it connects China to every
region of Asia, Europe, and Africa. China intends to develop a sizable global
market through BRI. India has often expressed its vehement opposition to the
China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), which traverses Pakistan-occupied Kashmir,
a territory that is both controlled by Pakistan and claimed by India. India
being regarded as South Asia's largest and most powerful country. In terms of
economic sustainability, political stability, and cultural interchange, this
paper aims to analyse the viability of BRI for future global growth. Due to the
Belt and Road Initiative, China and South Asian nations have better relations.
Afghanistan, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, the Maldives, and Nepal actively
support China's Belt and Road Initiative. India and Bhutan have abstained from
the Forum. Indian territorial, strategic, and perhaps military concerns led to
intense opposition to the BRI initiative in India. Future global development
has a lot of promise thanks to the OBOR initiative. India's involvement in the
BRICS, the SCO, and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) had a
negligible effect on New Delhi's opinion of the BRI.
The 2013 Track I advancement of the Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar
Economic Cooperation (BCIM) corridor has more or less become a victim of BRI
geopolitics. While the BRI develops, India's attention is mainly on exploring
its connectivity plans (individually or in collaboration with other partners)
and demonstrating how some BRI projects are challenging to some recipient
nations. The initiative's previous geopolitical and developmental facets are
less critical now that a political economics examination of the member nations
is increasingly essential. In order to provide its neighbours with other
connectivity options, India will need to coordinate with its regional allies.
Connectivity is becoming more and more recognised as a tool for influencing
foreign policy.With India taking the initiative to improve connectivity, China
will have a new arena in which to compete geopolitically in South Asia and the
Indian Ocean. Additionally, connectivity offers India a chance to reclaim its
dominance in the area. India's independence in South Asia and the wider Indian
Ocean is constrained. To build and modernise its infrastructure and develop an
alternative to connectivity through corridors and infrastructure projects led
by China, it must occasionally ask for assistance from partners like Japan.
This paper also focuses on the geostrategic change in the Himalayan region
after BRI initiative.
Adrien SCHIFANO
Guangdong University of Foreign Studies (China PRC), School of Law
The Seas of East
Asia Between Fragmentation and Cooperation: Marine Debris and Regional
Solidarity
Fighting marine debris is a new domain of regional cooperation that has
been growing in recent years in East Asia. With regard to the sea, regional
institutions were traditionally more interested in managing shared resources,
in particular fisheries. Yet, concerns for common environmental issues have
been rising during the last decade. The issue of marine debris is a
particularly active aspect of this cooperation. As a new issue, fighting marine
debris is particularly useful to observe how this cooperation works in the
perspective of legal engineering.
The many international organizations involved in regional management of
marine debris does not depart from the overall fragmented state of East Asian
regional institutions. General organizations like ASEAN and related
institutions such as the ASEAN+3 and the East Asia Summit, APEC, and the
Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat are each addressing the issue, as well as
more specialized frameworks such as the Action Plan for the Protection, Management
and Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the Northwest Pacific
Region (NOWPAP), which is part of the Regional Seas Programme of the UN
Environment Programme. The case of fighting marine debris shows how this
fragmentation is overcome by cooperation among these regional institutions, and
in particular the diversity of mechanisms for ensuring coordination of these
institutions’ actions (unilateral or bilateral; permanent or ad hoc; resulting
in the creation of new specialized bodies or taking the forms of joint policies
and programs). Hence, from an institutional standpoint the issue of marine
debris offers a remarkable instance of functional solidarity among regional
organizations.
Cooperation among regional institutions led them to adopt policies that,
in spite of fragmentation, widely complement each other. These are implemented
by enacting norms that belong to the so-called normative category of ‘soft
law’, a usual feature of East Asian regional organizations. Yet, the diversity
of these norms’ nature and origin show that ‘soft law’ is not a single
normative category. On the contrary, the issue of marine debris displays a huge
diversity of norms that are all capable of achieving their purpose through
implementation by member states, albeit for different reasons (existence of an
underlying state agreement, back up of the wider framework of the international
organization in which they are enacted, usefulness of their technical
character, and so forth).
The issue of marine debris thus shows that, despite its particular
features such as fragmentation and soft law, regional frameworks of cooperation
in East Asia are reactive, effective, and generally efficient.
Didik Sasono SETYADI
APHMET / SKK Migas Indonesia
Global
collaboration to strengthen energy security through the optimization of natural
resources
The first-ever global energy crisis is currently sweeping the globe with
unparalleled depth and complexity. Market pressures existed before Russia
invaded Ukraine, but due to Russia's activities, a quick recovery from the
pandemic, which put a strain on all kinds of global supply chains, including
the energy sector, has become a full-blown energy crisis. Russia has long been
the world's most significant exporter of fossil fuels. Still, its restrictions
on the delivery of natural gas to Europe and European rules on importing
Russian oil and coal are cutting off one of the major routes for international
energy trade. All fuel markets are impacted, but gas markets are the focal
point since Russia wants to gain leverage by making consumers pay more for
their energy and face supply problems.
Today's energy shock reminds us of our current energy system's fragility
and unreliability as long as energy markets remain exceedingly fragile. Whether
the crisis will slow down or speed up the transition to sustainable energy is a
crucial concern for policymakers. There is little evidence to support the
claims that climate regulations and net zero commitments were a factor in the
rise in energy prices. Higher percentages of renewable energy were associated
with lower electricity prices in the most affected areas. Some consumers have
benefited greatly from more energy-efficient homes and electrified heat, though
more is needed.
Qing SHI
Peking University, China
The History of
Anglo-American Corporate Regulation and its Implications on the Third World
Today’s global commercial regulation is mostly based on the
Anglo-American imperial system built in the last 400 years. After the mid-18th
century, East India Company’s main colonial method was to reinvest the
ever-growing land revenue into commodity trade instead of doing ‘social responsibility.’
However, the universal commercial principles raised by Edmund Burke and the
theory of ‘trust’ of Asian subjects began to become the justifications for the
empire in parallel with geographical morality. In the US, the regulatory
demands in the Gilded Age led to the modern corporate compliance mechanism.
During the interwar period, the United States turned its colonial and
interventionist approach to Latin America into a ‘Good Neighbor Policy,’ acting
as an arbiter of disputes between its MNEs and foreign governments, which
constitutes the inception of a new world corporate compliance system. The
underlying logic that the Third World countries can learn is: the
capital-exporting country often takes the ‘universal laws’ reflected in the
domestic regulation system as the reasons for economic expansion, establishing
a moral hierarchy based on the divisions of labour.
Marina SHILINA
Plekhanov Russian University of
Economics, Moscow, Russia
Maria SHILINA
Independent researcher, Russia
Digital Agenda
for BRICS: Does Data Colonialism Matter?
Nowadays, BRICS is transforming from a group of developing economies into
a fastgrowing economic system. BRICS has attached strategic importance to the development of digital
economy. In 2022, digital economic cooperation issues remain the top priority,
regarding the opportunities of the data- and artificial intelligence driven
technologies [BRICS Summit, 2022].
In digital agenda for BRICS, Russiaʼs and Chinaʼs activities
are marked with the most strategic proposals. According to the last BRICS
Summit, digital economics in China is focused on the benefits of digital
development accessible to all, innovation-driven development of collaborative
network of enterprises, academia and industries and
empowering digital transformation of traditional industries [BRICS Summit,
2022; Erie, Streinz, 2021]. In Russia, digital data-griven economics is
normative as well [Gorokhov, Shilina, 2020].
But deepen integration of digital technologies with the real economy
and development of new
information infrastructure such as 5G, data flows and data hubs, industrial
Internet of Things and the Internet of Everything, etc. means a specific transformation
of business models. The digital companies and platforms from western countries
and the U.S. are included in these processes to build global digital economy in
their own interests [Ignatov, 2022]. Data-driven economic changes social
communication models, too. In other words, these transformations lead to data
colonialism [Couldry, Mehijas, 2019].
Does digital data colonialism matter for BRICS? According to the
conducted research of the relevant BRICS’ statements and empiric data [2022],
the digital infrastructure and economic components changes are the most
important for BRICS countries. The BRICS’ data governance model (also the cyber
sovereignty model [Shelepov, 2022]) is more focused on domestic resources usage
(except of China). The level of state data protection and digital divide is
different. The main gap among the BRICS countries lies in the social and
cultural digital agenda. This imbalance of digital agenda for BRICS means that
digitalization is at the initial stage of development.
Thus, multilateral discussion on the matter is needed, especially among
academics.
Sartica SOESILOWATI
Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
sartika.soesilowati@fisip.unair.ac.id
Internationalization
of Tourism Development and Community Marginalization
The tourism is currently regarded as the primary in Indonesia to
accelerate economic growth and increasing per capita income. By internationalizing the tourism sector, Indonesian
is hoping to increase its foreign exchange earnings from the tourism sector.
This national policy is also consistent with the globalization trend, which is
characterized by increased inter country mobility. Inevitably, in responding to
international tourism standards, the Indonesian government has adjusted the
development of local tourist facilities or attractions to meet this
international market demand. One of the main areas built within this goal is
Kawasan Eonomi Khusus (KEK) or Special Economic Zone of Mandalika located in
central Lombok, Nusatenggara Barat (NTB), Indonesia. Internationalization in
the KEK Mandalika is carried out by massive changes covering many areas such as
coastal lands, agriculture, settlements and the existing environment.
Initially, the community was very enthusiastic about internationalizing this
area, hoping that large-scale international development would improve their
economic situation. However, as time passed, the local community’s hopes were
not significantly fulfilled; in fact, they were marginalized and suffered
morally as well as economically. This study therefore, examines the impact of
the internationalization of tourism area development on the local community’s
living conditions. To what extent and in what form has the internationalization
of tourism marginalized local communities’ lives in the area? In order to
explain this case study, this uses deep interview methods and field
observations. Thorough research is also conducted based on secondary research
related to the issues.
Kinga SOÓS
International Relations and Political Studies, Corvinus University of
Budapest; Institute of Political and International Studies, ELTE Faculty of
Social Sciences, Hungary
Socialism with
Chinese characteristics amid global crises
The COVID-19 pandemic and the economic recession resulted from it, or
the Russia-Ukraine war which besides the fact that it led to an energy crisis
in Europe, also reactivated a Cold War mode of thinking, recent crises known
all too well. It seems to be an interesting question to pose that amid these
global crises how the People’s Republic of China is preparing for the new era
in the mirror of the recent 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of
China (CPC). My assumption is that Chinese politics can be described by a
meta-discourse, the so-called “socialism with Chinese characteristics” since
the reform era, and this discourse is the general ideological base of the
Party’s legitimacy. However, leader-specific and context-sensitive discourses
or discursive moments are introduced in party congresses. In this respect, Xi
Jinping’s socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era and national
rejuvenation discourse is a continuation of the meta-discourse of Chinese
socialism from the one hand, and a specific political discourse resembling the
tendencies of centralization and nationalism under Xi on the other. In order to
track the potential impact of global crises on Chinese politics and Xi
Jinping’s dicourse I analyze the discursive changes i.e. the modifications in
the leadership structure and the ideological and organizational line of the CPC
from the perspective of (1) „the second centenary goal of building China into a
great modern socialist country in all respects”; (2) impaired with the need for
enhanced management capacities of global crises and their domestic effects.
Diana Sfetlana STOICA
Ubuntu Centre for African Studies, West University of Timisoara, Romania
Africa2Africa.
The soft power of mobility and recognition
Through the analysis of African news in the Sub Saharan region, on
mobility features and symbols, as well as on the political recognition actions
and position, in relation to global situations of post-pandemics and war, the
main objective is to capitalize the Africa2Africa in the sense of an
internationalization of problematic, more than a globalization of them, in
order to assure the g locality of solutions to situations that would be handled
better in a regional context, as a consequence and conclusion to XXI century’s
paradigms regarding development. In order to realize this objective, an
exploration of power manifestation under the form of soft power of mobility
features in Sub Saharan states, from innovation and potential sustainability in
the automotive sector (with inspiration from a case of Togo), to the mobility
of reasons from traditional forms to postmodernism (inspired by a case from
Ghana), or under the form of soft power of recognition at a global scale, based
on connections with continued social uncomfortable realities of Sub Saharan
states, is proposed. From a qualitative perspective, the look on mobility, as
resulted in newer African narratives and facts, representing the encounter of
recognition and development in African contexts, shows how soft power of Africa
in Africa and for Africa has to be boosted by common actions aimed to promote
sustainable epistemic mobility and recognition on the international stage. Be
it a conceptual re-proposition of Africa to Africa internationalization or a
theoretical contribution to new post-pan-Africanisms, this analysis brings into
the center of Africanists and African context’ s researcher some reflections on
the importance of mobility philosophy and recognition narratives to the future
of global dialogues that include the African continent as equally empowered
speaker.
Nilofar SUHRAWARDY
Writer and journalist, India
Ukraine-War:
Diplomatic Lapse!
“Ukraine-Diplomacy” exercised by the so-called friends of this country
has so far shown virtually no sign of ending the suffering of Ukrainians and of
Ukraine crisis. Continuity of Ukraine War may also be viewed as a major
diplomatic lapse perhaps being deliberately exercised by probably those who
want the war to continue. This demands deliberation on nature of “diplomacy” at
play and its apparent failure. If Washington aims to use this crisis with
Ukraine as its trump card against Russia, will it succeed? Or will it help
Russia emerge as a master strategist.
The paper also aims to compare Ukraine crisis with Indo-Pak nuclear
diplomacy and Afghanistan war. Despite being known as permanent enemies and
their respective nuclear proliferation drives being opposed by United States,
India and Pakistan have not restrained it. Rather, they have pursued a wise
bilateral nuclear diplomacy. If they can be diplomatically wise on this issue,
why can’t diplomatic options be pursued to end Ukraine war? Or is it likely to
it be prolonged like the Afghanistan war?
Diplomatically speaking, the importance of a superpower’s role should
focus on limiting escalation of bilateral, multilateral and other differences
to the stage of any crisis. Washington needs to exercise a prudent approach,
seriously considering options leading Russia and Ukraine to the diplomatic
table. Continuance of war can only be viewed as a major diplomatic lapse.
The paper aims to draw attention to diplomatic lapses being probably
deliberately pursued with little concern for negative impact of the same,
including sufferings Ukraine war is leading to.
Talha Latief TANTRAY
Central Univerrsity of Jammu, India
India and
Geopolitical construct of the Indo-Pacific – Policy analysis
Indo-Pacific has emerged as the centre of global power politics. This
article argues how Sino-American rivalry has shaped the new geopolitical frame
work (Indo-Pacific), replacing the earlier pre-eminent Asia-pacific concept.
The article also seeks to develop the theoretical framework, which gives
insights about the geopolitical construct of the region. It is argued that
"Indo-Pacific" as a geostrategic concept has gained fresh impetus due
to the expanding significance of the Indian and the regional countries. The
article also seeks to develop framework on how India's Act East Policy is
developing into a larger geopolitical construct known as Act Indo-Pacific,
focusing on cooperation with other like-minded countries in the region to
cooperatively manage a rules-based multipolar order and prevent any single
power from dominating the region or its waterways. India's security policy in
the area was first driven by a desire to increase presence in the region and to
offer a framework for regional order. The region's growing economic and
security importance both play a significant role in shifting the centre of
gravity of the region.
Meszár TÁRIK
John von Neumann University, Eurasia Center, Budapest, Hungary
Problems of food
supply in the Arab world
The Arab countries are heavily dependent on grain imports from Russia
and Ukraine, as they get about 2/3 of their wheat from these two countries. The
countries that were already facing economic problems or conflicts are now in an
even more difficult situation for which they are urgently seeking solutions. But
even as importers seek to replace Russia and Ukraine, they face a number of
challenges in finding alternative sources of wheat. The rise in energy prices
is exacerbating the problem by dramatically increasing the price of food and
wheat products. And the high price of oil makes it quite expensive to import
wheat from distant producers, whether from North or South America or even
Australia. The presentation pays particular attention to the situation of
resource-poor Arab countries such as Syria. Syria is already experiencing a
severe shortage of wheat due to a prolonged economic crisis and infrastructure
destroyed by decades of armed conflict. The government relies mainly on Russia
to address the shortage of wheat imports. According to the World Food Programme,
Syria is suffering from acute food shortages. The Russian-Ukrainian conflict is
likely to exacerbate the current crisis, especially since the agreement between
Russia and Syria on wheat imports has been suspended. In late February, the
government took steps to ration wheat and fuel supplies. It also pledged to
prioritize funding for wheat imports. In addition the northwestern Syrian
authorities supply the region with wheat and flour sourced through Türkiye, but
deliveries often face obstacles.
Hajer TRABELSI
University of Pécs, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Hungary
China and the
COVID-19 Pandemic: The Domestic-International Dichotomy
Despite its ravaging global ramifications, COVID-19 has been perceived
as an exclusive geopolitical opportunity for China to wield its soft power and
brand its international image as a responsible global power amid the crisis.
Seizing the American absence, at an early stage of the pandemic, China has made
strenuous global efforts to divert the world’s attention from the epicentre of
the virus to its unrivalled solidarity and benevolence to abate it. Aiming to
cultivate external perceptions of China as a positive power, Beijing has been
unwavering in the conduct of both ‘mask’ and ‘vaccine’ diplomacies during the
pandemic. The paper examines the jarring discrepancy between the liberal
principles and cooperative strategies Beijing preaches internationally and its
draconian policies and response to the pandemic domestically, which eventually
led to country-wide protests, and the party’s decision to abandon the country’s
zero COVID policy. The core consideration of this analysis is to critically
study the violence and civil unrest following Beijing’s enforcing of the
zero-COVID policy. The future of China’s ambitions of seeking to strengthen its
stature and assert a greater influence in a ‘liberal’ world order would be
excavated considering the chaos resulting from its suppressive response and
double standards on the domestic level.
Elena VEDUTA
Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
Is there a
peaceful way out of the polycrisis?
The coordination of the actions of the US and the EU (West) ensured by
the beginning of the 90s their financial integration with the global loan
capital market dominated by transnational corporations (TNCs). Using the issue
of the US Federal Reserve "empty" dollars, TNCs increase world
inflation. Developing countries, fulfilling the requirements of financial
stabilization, are forced to open their markets to provide them with loans in
the form of speculative (fictitious) capital flows, which contributes to the
growth of their debts with the subsequent "collapse" of national
currencies and the strengthening of the disproportionality of the global
economy.
The boom in mortgage and consumer lending in the United States led to
the mortgage crisis of 2007-2008, recognized as the most serious global crisis
since the Great Depression. The succession of crises that followed demonstrated
the crisis of global governance based on high growth rates of speculative
capital and liberalization policies. Each subsequent crisis becomes more
dangerous than the previous one, since there is an intersection of financial,
environmental and geopolitical crises. This phenomenon, when several crises
intersect and their influence intensifies, is called a polycrisis.
The West has no constructive ideas for a peaceful way out of the growing
polycrisis. It provoked the Special Military Operation (SVO) of Russia against
Ukraine. Main ideologist of capitalism - the World Economic Forum in Davos,
held in January 2023 turned into a coven of participants who discuss the
problems of building up weapons for Ukraine. The West is gradually increasing
its assistance to Ukraine, trying to drag out the SVO as long as possible in
order to shift the burden of the polycrisis onto citizens incl. from the West,
and economically blow up Russia from the inside, thereby eliminating the main
nuclear competitor in the preparing Third World Way.
A peaceful way out of the polycrisis is the transition to a new system
of regional (global) governance, eliminating the main causes of the polycrisis
- the growth of fictitious (speculative) capital and the disproportionality of
the economy. Only the USSR had experience of such management. Given his
mistakes, Russia today has a cybernetic planning model that serves as the basis
for creating artificial intelligence in the economy. In this regard, the
Russia-China Alliance, in alliance with communist China, which is the factory
of the world, has a historical chance to change the vector of globalization in
the direction of a better future of civilization.
Anna VELIKAYA
Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public
Administration (RANEPA)
Humanitarian
diplomacy of BRICS countries
Today’s political, economic, and cultural influence in the international
arena is shifting towards humanitarian issues, there is a public desire for the
humanization of international relations. There are worsening humanitarian
consequences of conflicts for civilians, women, children, and elderly people;
increased targeted violence against them is used by armed groups. The attention
to the humanitarian aspects of armed conflicts and the importance of the
problems of humanitarian support and protection of civilians in urban conflicts
is growing. This is the task of humanitarian diplomacy.
There is a dangerous militarization of humanitarian agenda that can lead
the world to the edge of the same abyss as in the most dramatic moments of the
XX century. We are entering a period when humanitarian aspects of diplomacy
will be increasingly influencing. At the same time in the early 2020-s we are
facing uncertainty and global fragility, when the whole range of threats
requires our urgent, collective and more determined response.
Humanitarian diplomacy (HD) of BRICS countries can be used as an
innovative tool to bring nations closer together despite the current upsurge in
armed conflicts worldwide and the significant global challenges nowadays. That
use includes various BRICS national models of humanitarian diplomacy and its audiences,
the role of international institutions and NGOs, and the ways to improve their
effectiveness. Humanitarian diplomacy’s positive impact remains underestimated
and not fully utilized; the holistic and systematic approach in this regard is
lacking, which often substitutes by fragmentary activities with no tangible
long-lasting results. Strengthening the humanitarian aspects of diplomacy
depends on active, interregional cooperation.
Irina YARYGINA
MGIMO/National Committee on BRICS Research, Russia
BRICS financial
markets: problems and challenges
Actually, BRICS play the key role in global economy and finance. There
is no denying the fact, that effective banking strategy depends on accurate assessment
of common problems and a search for mutual solutions to increase quality of
life in member countries. From experience, fast liberation of
financial-economic relationships leads to decline in some areas of economy,
including strategically important ones, and to slowdown of government
regulation of key industrial areas, which leads to increase of bank
speculations and high-risk level of economic environment. To find the way in
turbulence is the main task for the government that has to use different vehicles,
intergovernmental monetary and fiscal measures including. The study of BRICS
financial markets is based on complex research methods, on gathering and
analyzing data, theoretical background including. The results manifest BRICS
main achievements, which helps to understand the subject better. The research
has proved that BRICS economies with all its advantages play a special role in
contemporary financial markets. They are characterized by a dynamic development
and improvement that affords financial intermediaries to introduce new products
to consumers and encourage trade and investments that in its turn increase
cooperation. Mutual interests create a favorable basis for cooperation.
However, setting and meeting the needs depend on effective banking. In this
respect, it is recommended to take into consideration the international
experience and to introduce the required instruments and harmonized regulation
for BRICS banking. Possible mechanisms are also presented in the material. The
results of the study can benefit regulators and banks by providing new vehicles
for BRICS economic and financial cooperation. A further novel concept
introduced in this study is the use of techniques to distinguish between
short-term and long-term relationship and to formulate BRICS strategy, based on
requirements of economic entities. Finally, the study provides the insight into
how BRICS mutual interests affect reaching economic goals by providing
intergovernmental support.
Nissar Ahmad YATOO
International Open University, India
Shariah Finance-
An Integral Part of Global Halal Market
Shariah finance constitutes one of the most important segments of global
halal market and is one of the fastest-growing sectors of the global finance
industry. According to some recent estimates there are around USD three
trillion shariah assets around the globe. Shariah finance is being looked as a
powerful tool for funding overall global development, as the global shariah finance
industry now cover a wide range of financial services. These services include
funds management, asset allocation, payment and exchange settlement, insurance,
and risk management. During the recent years, Shariah Finance assets have been
increasing faster in certain Muslim majority countries. It has also seen a rise
in interest from nations like the UK, Luxembourg, South Africa, and Hong Kong.
The concept of being halal is not limited to the food and other
consumables, it is to be followed by Muslims in all their social and economic
affairs. As Shariah Finance is also
based on the Islamic principles of dealing with halal products, this paper is
an attempt explain how shariah as an integral part of global halal markets.
This paper will explain how the halal market principles are extended to global
financial markets and services.
Helga ZEPP-LAROUCHE
Schiller Institute, Germany
Global Showdown
or New World Economic Order
We are in an epochal change, where the end of colonial suppression is
visible and where the countries of the Global South are demanding their innate
right for economic development.
On the other side there is an attempt to establish a Global NATO, with
the EU-NATO agreement, AUKUS and the UK-Japan RAA, which has all the signs of
preparation of a showdown with Russia and China.
Under these circumstances the countries in the tradition of the Non
Alignment Movement have to play a special role in overcoming geopolitics and in
establishing a new paradigm in the international relations. We need to
establish a new international security and development architecture, which
takes care of the interest of every single country on the planet.
It is therefore urgent to discuss the principles on which the future
world order must be built in order to be able for the human species to self
govern itself. The future world order must guarantee the life and creative
potential of every person on the planet, and therefore must eliminate hunger,
poverty and underdevelopment. We need to conceptualize and create such
institutions, which can realize these goals. With the BRICS-Plus expanding its
membership one option is being developed. The big challenge will be to avoid a
global confrontation as this transition into a new era occurs.
Compilation des résumés en Français (french
presentation abstract)
Jean-Roitinos AISSI
Université
d'Abomey-calavi / Département de Géographie et Aménagement du Territoire /
Haute École de Commerce de Management,
Bénin
La présente
recherche identifie les systèmes de suivi et de gestion des inondations
développées par les populations, les élus locaux et les autorités communales
pour lutter et s’adapter aux inondations dans les communes de Karimama et
Malanville.
Pour conduire cette
recherche, la démarche méthodologique adoptée s’est articulée autour de la
collecte et du traitement des données puis l’analyse des résultats. Les questionnaires,
les guides d’entretien et l’observation directe ont été respectivement les
outils et la technique utilisés pour la collecte des données.
Les résultats issus
de cette analyse ont montré que face aux inondations, les populations et les
autorités à différents niveaux développent plusieurs types de mesures de
gestion. Ces mesures de gestion se résument au déplacement des populations d’un
village à un autre (65%), à la sensibilisation des populations (73%), à
l’entretien des ouvrages de drainage des eaux de ruissellement (53%), (mise en
place des tranchées, l’aménagement des voies en terre, etc.), la mise en place
d’un plan de secours (61%), etc. Mais, ces différentes mesures restent peu
efficaces.
Nadia BEMMANSOUR
Faculté des Sciences
biologiques et des sciences agronomiques, Université Mouloud Mammeri, Tizi
Ouzou, Algérie
Les troponines dans le cadre d’un syndrome
coronarien aigu.
Adja Aichatou DIÈYE
Université Cheikh
Anta Diop, Dakar
Chine, Covid-19 et enseignement au Sénégal
Le monde est devenu
un village planétaire. Cette expression de Marshall McLuhan exprime une
démocratisation des informations et implique une unification des peuples qui
sont a priori éloignés grâce aux
techniques d’informations. La super puissance de l’internet était bien ressenti
au Sénégal à travers des plateformes faciles d’accès disposant de contenus
intéressants. Cependant une autre facette de la mondialisation était méconnue
par un grand nombre d’étudiants non-orientés à l’Université Virtuelle du
Sénégal. Avec la pandémie de 2020, une
réorganisation totale des enseignements ont vu le jour : c’est l’enseignement à
distance. Cette communication ambitionne d’analyser la problématique de la
continuité des enseignants à l’université de Dakar, à l’institut Confucius à
l’ère de la pandémie du coronavirus COVID-19.
L’université Cheikh
Anta Diop de Dakar est le premier axe de notre étude en ce qui concerne
l’impact de la Covid-19 dans l’enseignement supérieur au Sénégal.
Nous allons étudier
en deuxième lieu, la relation entre Covid-19 et réussite scolaire dans les
cycles de moyen secondaire et au lycée.
Enfin nous démontrerons
l’impact de la Chine dans la formation des jeunes sénégalais avec comme exemple
l’institut Confucius de Dakar.
Totihou Jean de Dieu
GBEMAVO
CPU LES PALMIERS,
Bénin
La grossesse
en milieu scolaire
Les grossesses en
milieu scolaire se présentent comme un problème d'ordre social et de ce fait,
susceptible de constituer une entrave au développement. Au Bénin sept filles
sur dix terminent l'école primaire, mais elles ne sont que deux sur cinq à
achever le premier cycle de l'enseignement secondaire. Les grossesses
surviennent en majorité entre quinze et dix-sept ans soit (54.19%) dans les
classes de sixième en seconde. Parmi les 70% des femmes qui tombent enceinte en
milieu scolaire 6% parmi elles reprennent les cours après l'accouchement. En
effet les causes de ce phénomène sont multiples. Il faut noter que les filles
n'ont pas accès à l'éducation sexuelle, le harcèlement sexuel auquel se livrent
certains enseignants ou personnels administratifs des établissements envers les
jeunes filles est également une des principales causes de la grossesse en
milieu scolaire. L'adolescente ne pouvant pas résister à cette pression cède,
ce qui occasionne parfois des grossesses chez ces dernières. De plus, il faut
noter que le désintéressement des filles aux études dû au manque
d'accompagnement de la part des parents, l'incapacité des parents à payer les
frais de la scolarité et assurer les trois repas par jours amènent les filles à
se donner aux hommes ce qui ne se passe souvent pas comme prévu. C'est pourquoi
les grossesses en milieu scolaire sont énormes. En effet, parlant des
conséquences de ce phénomène on peut citer : les problèmes de santé sexuelle et
de la reproduction telles que les avortements provoqués à risques, la mortalité
maternelle, les fistules obstétricales et les IST/VIH Sida, l'exclusion et la
discrimination de ces filles dans la société et enfin les problèmes de santé
des nouveaux nés. Ainsi pour remédier à cet état de chose nous proposons des
pistes de solutions suivantes : construction d'un centre de suivi des jeunes
filles adolescentes, recrutement de certaines femmes leaders du Bénin qui ont
déjà réussies dans la vie pour sensibiliser les écolières, renforcement des capacités
des familles sur l'éducation sexuelle, soutenir à chaque fin de trimestre la
majorité des filles adolescentes matériellement ( cahier, support de cours,
livres aux programmes) et financièrement ( subvention et bourses). Pour la
réalisation de ce projet nous avons élaboré un budget global évalué à 49391$
réparti comme suit : construction du centre de suivi (acquisition de la
parcelle, construction et équipement de l'immeuble : 27556$ ), prise en charge
du déplacement des femmes leaders dans les écoles (8931$), soutien matériels et
financiers des filles (12904$). De tout ce qui précède il faut retenir que les
grossesses en milieu scolaire constituent un fléau qui menace le système
éducatif béninois. Il urge donc de trouver des solutions adéquates pour la
valorisation et l'intégration des filles dans le système éducatif béninois.
Jean Patrice Gbakré
GNETO
Université Félix
Houphouët-Boigny / Institut d'Histoire d'Art et d'Archéologie Africains, Côte
d’Ivoire
Crise mondiale et résilience de la Côte d'Ivoire :
Entre renchérissement du coût de la vie et mesures sociales gouvernementales
A peine l’humanité
tente de se remettre de la crise sanitaire mondiale née de la Covid-19, que
retentissent des bruits de bottes dans la partie orientale de l’Europe. C’est
une guerre entre l’Ukraine et la Russie
au grand étonnement des observateurs avertis et autres spécialistes des
relations internationales. Une guerre à première vue si lointaine de l’Afrique,
mais qui dans son déroulé va se trouver très proche d’elle, tant les
répercussions sont nombreuses pour l’Afrique, notamment au plan économique et
social.
La Côte d’Ivoire, si
dépendante en céréale (blé) et en
énergie pétrolière, vit au quotidien cette crise mondiale. Elle se
traduit par le renchérissement du prix du carburant, qui par effet
d’entrainement a des répercussions sur la vie quotidienne des citoyens :
augmentation des prix des denrées alimentaires, du transport, etc.
La cherté de la vie
gangrène presque tous les secteurs d’activités en Côte d’Ivoire. Des vêtements
aux produits alimentaires en passant par les loyers, les prix flambent et les
Ivoiriens s’en plaignent.
Le coût élevé de la
vie engendre un sentiment d’injustice, que les consommateurs tentent
d’affronter en développant diverses stratégies compensatoires.
Les protestations
des syndicats de consommateurs via les réseaux sociaux, le boycott de certains
produits hors de portée (le pain, le lait, le sucre, l’huile) sont entre autres
les moyens utilisés.
Face à cette
situation délétère, le gouvernement réagit en proposant une panoplie de
recettes, qui concernent aussi bien les
fonctionnaires, les forces de défense et de sécurité et la population d’une
manière générale. Ces mesures oscillent entre valorisations salariales,
plafonnement du prix des produits de grande consommation ou de première
nécessité, etc.
Quelle est
l’efficacité et la portée d’une telle mesure ? Telle est la question
fondamentale de l’étude que nous voulons conduire.
Cette question
centrale convoque des questions de clarification qui situent tout l’intérêt de
la communication. Cette intervention de l’Etat sonne-t-elle le glas de l’Etat
libéral au profit de l’Etat providence ?
N’est-ce pas la
limite de la politique libérale adoptée et pratiquée par la Côte d’Ivoire depuis l’indépendance?
Nous allons, pour
conduire cette étude faire le terrain par des enquêtes orales, consulter les
sources produites par les quotidiens et solliciter les ouvrages généraux sur la
question.
Francis MAPOUKA
MBOUNGOU
Université Marien
NGOUABI, Congo
Ondes des crises mondiales sur les capitaux
flottants asiatiques en Afrique par la borne Asie ?
L’économie de
l’Afrique a longtemps été connectée à celle de l’Europe. L’Asie est un
partenaire nouveau pour l’Afrique surtout depuis la montée économique de l’Asie
avec le déploiement des capitaux à travers le monde. Selon que l’on se trouve,
économiquement chaque ville, région, pays, institution sous-régionale ou
continent est une borne pour une autre ville, une autre région, un autre pays,
une autre institution sous-régionale ou un autre continent. Il y a une
communication par des flux sortants et entrants. Ces flux sont physiques,
quasi-physiques et monétaires. A des biens et services on retrouve en
contrepartie des flux financiers. Mais on retrouve aussi des flux financiers en
contrepartie des flux financiers, c’est-à-dire la croissance de ces flux financiers
composés du principal et des profits. Ces capitaux flottants se trouvent dans
les prises de participation dans les capitaux des entreprises. Nous l’étendons
aux entreprises de négoce, du fait de la facilité, à la moindre secousse, à
transformer en liquidités les actifs de ce genre d’entreprises et rapatrier
totalement ou partiellement les capitaux d’un espace économique pour un autre
ou pour son pays d’origine. Cela vient des actifs qui sont facilement
échangeables ou substituables sur le marché local.
De quasi-sortie de
Covid-19, au changement climatique envahissant l’espace économique depuis un
moment à la guerre Russo-Ukrainienne en-cours, nous questionnons les ondes de
ces crises en Asie et les répercussions sur les capitaux asiatiques en Afrique.
La crise de 1997 qui avait secouée l’Asie est mobilisée pour apprécier l’impact des crises récentes sur
le marché financier spécifiquement sud-africain, seule économie du pays
d’Afrique suffisamment intégrée dans l’économie mondiale. Et pour d’autres pays,
spécifiquement, les entreprises de négoce à capitaux asiatiques sont analysées
sous l’angle de leur structure financière.
Jean-Pierre N'DO
Labo/LAPHI/
Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
Le terrorisme en Afrique de l’Ouest ou la troisième
crise de la personnalité africaine.
Les travaux de
Cheikh Anta Diop, Kwame Nkrumah, Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Théophile Obenga et
beaucoup d’autres historiographes
africains, permettent de se situer face au concept de personnalité ou
d’identité africaine. Sans rentrer dans la polémique idéologico-politique sur
ce concept, il convient tout de même de convenir d’une altérité africaine
typique enracinée dans l’histoire même des africains. Mais cette altérité ou
identité s’est foncièrement diluée aux contacts du colonisateur et du
capitalisme-mondialisation. La personnalité africaine définie autour du
communautarisme se trouve prise dans le piège de l’individualisme. Les sociétés
africaines pénétrées par l’idée de l’avoir individuel ont vu leur tissu social
se dégrader pour ne paraitre que comme des appendices de la vie sociale
occidentale.
Cette donne
historique, aujourd’hui, semble la moins pernicieuse, la moins dangereuse pour
ce qui reste de la personnalité africaine. On sait que depuis les attentats du
11 septembre 2001 aux États-Unis, la relation nuageuse entre le politique et le
religieux a été dévoilée, pis, il y a eu un éclatement et un dispersement du
terrorisme dans le monde entier. Aujourd’hui l’Afrique de l’ouest qui était
jusque-là épargnée en paye les frais. La force nouvelle de reconquête du monde
sous l’angle islamiste conduit à un dévoiement total de l’être- africain. Il n
' y a plus de place pour une altérité africaine, une altérité relative. La
sacralisation de la vie humaine n’a de sens que si l’africain opte pour un mode
de vie totalement nouveau dans lequel son ontologie accepte radicalement la
nouvelle reconversion. La dignité inconditionnelle de l’autre, l’alter-
africain se conjugue ainsi avec sa destruction, son anéantissement.
La nouvelle crise de la personnalité africaine
se comprend dans la logique de compétition entre les religions révélées pour le
contrôle total de l’humanité. De ce fait, la violence suscitée par
la guerre d’inspiration islamiste revêt désormais une radicalité
particulière. Il ne s’agit pas dans cette guerre de dominer comme dans la
guerre classique, mais de détruire. De ce fait, l’altérité de l’autre,
l’africain, ou la différence entre les hommes n’a plus de sens en elle-même. Il
faut que cette altérité disparaisse dans le dévouement à la parole
religieusement islamiste. Dans cette trilogie colonialisme-
capitalisme-terrorisme, la personnalité africaine se conjuguerait au passé. Le
terrorisme devient l’acte de naissance d’une autre Afrique, d’une nouvelle
personnalité qu’il conviendrait d’analyser avec lucidité pour trouver la
réponse la plus pertinente et la plus
durable.
Noël NDOBA
Ancien doyen de la
faculté des sciences économiques Université Marien Ngouabi à Brazzaville
(CONGO)
L'Économie politique institutionnaliste, les BRICS
et la question des institutions de coopération et d'intégration dans les
espaces régionaux de l'économie mondiale
Le texte porte sur
trois questions liées :
- Premièrement : À
travers chacune des « régions » du monde que distingue l'ONU, quels
sont les types d'institutions de coopération et d'intégration régionales qui
existent?
En faisant une
typologie selon les catégories connues, à savoir:
a) organisation de
coopération régionale sans libre circulation des marchandises et des personnes;
b) zone de libre-échange; c) union douanière; d) communauté économique
régionale sans monnaie commune; e) communauté économique régionale ayant une
monnaie commune; f) organisation de coopération politique et diplomatique sans
objectif fédéral ou confédéral; g) organisation politique et diplomatique
régionale-continentale ayant un objectif fédéral ou confédéral; h) l’OCDE comme
modèle; i) les BRICS comme modèle.
- Deuxièmement:
Comment l’ école de pensée qu’est l'Économie politique institutionnaliste
permet-elle d’utiliser la théorie des jeux pour mieux comprendre le rôle des
institutions économiques régionales de coopération et d'intégration dans la
perspective des stratégies ayant pour objectif politique la souveraineté
collective régionale, d’une part, et pour objectif économique des relations
« gagnant-gagnant » avec le reste du monde?
L’enjeu est donc un
objectif politique : « le comment » de la construction d’un cercle
vertueux en relations internationales, pour l’exercice d’une souveraineté
collective régionale concernant les relations politiques internationales et les
politiques économiques stratégiques.
-Troisièmement:
Comment la stratégie de « non-alignement » peut-elle être une
stratégie « gagnant-gagnant », par rapport à toute obligation
implicite ou explicite de choisir un « camp » ou un
« bloc » du fait de la volonté des puissances étrangères, pour tout
Etat non membre de l’OCDE, quelque soit le type d'institution économique de
coopération ou d'intégration régionale auquel ledit Etat appartient?
L’enjeu est un
objectif économique : en finir, dans l’économie mondiale, avec les « jeux
à somme nulle », les jeux du « dilemme du prisonnier », les jeux
de « passagers clandestins » et de « cavaliers seuls » dans
les cadres desquels étaient réduits à évoluer les pays hors-OCDE.
En somme, ce texte
explore les conditions d’un « cercle vertueux régional de la souveraineté
politique collective et de la convergence en politique économique
stratégique ». Ce qui présuppose la définition d’un bénéfice ex ante des
stratégies « gagnant-gagnant » dans les relations économiques
internationales via le rôle des institutions des espaces régionaux. Mutatis
mutandis, à la lumière de ce cercle vertueux, on a d’une part, une illustration
des forces de l’OCDE et des BRICS, et d’autre part, une illustration des
faiblesses d’une Afrique dont les pays manquent de « stratégies gagnantes »
dans les relations avec ces deux modèles.
Marie-Claude
NGNINGONE ATEME
Université Omar
Bongo, Gabon
Quel avenir de la coopération Asie/Afrique à l'ère
de la montée des sentiments pro russes en Afrique ?
Sylvestre NGOUO
NDADJO
CENTRE AHMES,
Douala, Cameroun
Progrès technologiques chinois et transition vers le
capitalisme périphérique
De l’avis de Samir
Amin, le capitalisme, compris comme système économique fondé sur la logique des
profits, a atteint son apogée au début de notre siècle et s’est installé dans
une sénilité. Cette thèse semble se justifier au regard des crises actuelles
qui secouent le monde occidental et surtout sa base économique.
Seulement, en
prenant au sérieux la thèse de Marx selon laquelle c’est sur la base des
révolutions technologiques que ledit système se restructure, que le capitaliste
(la formation économique) qui découvre le premier et monopolise les secrets de
la force productive la plus progressiste s’érige au sommet de tous les
capitalistes et devient le centre des opérations économiques capitalistes où
refus la plus grande partie de la plus-value produite par tout le capital
social, et eu égard aux mutations économiques actuelles en Chine et à sa
maîtrise des technologies et techniques productives les plus progressistes,
peut-on admettre l’hypothèse d’un dépassement ou d’une sénilité du capitalisme
? Le système ne se restructure-t-il pas à partir de sa périphérie chinoise ou
asiatique comme l’avait prédit Marx, où il dissimule les formes les plus
violentes de l’exploitation dans l’illusion de la baisse des valeurs des
produits, de l’élévation des revenus et des niveaux de vie individuelle et
collective, ainsi que de l’accroissement du bien-être humain ?
C’est dans le souci
de répondre à de telles préoccupations que nous avons formulés la thèse selon
laquelle les mutations capitalistes contemporaines inspirées par les progrès
technologiques actuels s’opèrent à la périphérie, en Asie, plus spécifiquement
en Chine.
Fridolin Joël NTEUK
Université de
Douala, Cameroun
Guerre ukrainienne, covid 19 et réformes fiscales en
Afrique Centrale : le cas du Cameroun.
A l’instar des
autres pays d’Afrique centrale, le Cameroun a été impacté par la Covid 19 et la
guerre en Ukraine. Toutefois, contre toute attente, ces deux chocs exogènes ont
consacré des innovations dans les finances publiques camerounaises en général
et en matière fiscale en particulier. Le présent article qui en étudie les
contours, part de l’hypothèse selon laquelle la crise ukrainienne et la Covid
19 constituent des facteurs d’amélioration de la fiscalité au Cameroun. S’il en
est ainsi c’est bien parce que ces crises externes ont non seulement permis une
projection à la hausse des recettes fiscales pour l’exercice 2023, mais
également une réorientation de la politique fiscale vers de nouveaux objectifs
notamment la promotion de l’import substitution et l’assainissement du climat
des affaires.
Jean Cédric OBAME
EMANE
Université
Internationale de Libreville, Gabon
L'émergence politique, militaire et économique de
l’Asie: Quelles conséquences pour la structure du système international?
Avant la
désintégration de l'Union Soviétique, le monde était bipolaire, un monde où les
Etats devaient choisir entre deux camps. Les Etats suffisamment puissants à
cette époque pouvaient se permettre un non alignement, mais la pression
politique des deux camps ne laissait vraiment pas le choix à la plupart des
Etats. Aussi, soit il fallait choisir le camp occidental avec pour leader
idéologique les États-Unis ou opter pour le camp soviétique. Garder la
neutralité était stratégiquement irréaliste et quasiment impossible.
Cependant, après
l'effondrement de l'Union Soviétique le 26 décembre 1991 avec pour conséquence
la victoire occidentale, le monde devient unipolaire avec les Etats-Unis comme
superpuissance mondiale. La Fédération de Russie (Etat eurasiatique), héritière
de l'Union Soviétique est une puissance militaire affaiblie avec les
frustrations de la Guerre Froide. Toutefois, avec l'arrivée du Président
Vladimir Poutine au pouvoir en l'an 2000 et le réarmement militaire de la
Russie, le monde va connaître dans les prochaines années un nouvel équilibre
géostratégique et politique. Ajouté à cela, l'Asie va entrer dans le jeu avec
la montée de la Chine, de l'Inde, du Pakistan, du Japon, des deux Corées etc.
Notre présentation démontre qu'un monde unipolaire n'est plus envisageable, que
les Etats-Unis ne sont plus la première puissance militaire du monde, sinon une
des premières puissances mondiales. Nous vivons désormais dans un monde
multipolaire qui vient bouleverser l'hégémonie politique, militaire et
économique de l'Occident avec l'arrivée de nouveaux acteurs (de provenance
asiatique) dans le système international. Enfin, la guerre en Ukraine expose la
puissance militaire de la Fédération de Russie qui défie les forces militaires
occidentales (OTAN, UE, USA), une situation inédite, et à la fois permet à
l'Asie de perturber l'ordre international. Par conséquent, nous allons vers un
nouvel ordre mondial où l'Asie sera inévitablement et incontestablement un
acteur majeur.
Abdou Wahabe RAMDE
Indépendant,
Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
L’impact de la
crise russo-ukrainienne en Afrique subsaharienne
La crise mondiale
s’est traduite par trois crise majeurs dont la guerre russo-ukrainienne, la
pandémie de la covid-19 et le changement climatique. Il est évident que ces
crises impactent plus certain pays que d’autres. Le sommet du G20 au milieu
montre inéluctablement la tournure du système économique mondiale. Nous nous
intéressons à la place de l’Afrique Subsaharienne au milieu de cette crise.
En clair, il s’agira
de s’interroger sur l’impact de la crise russo-ukrainienne en Afrique
subsaharienne.
Spécifiquement, nous
verrons l’impact sur l’Afrique Subsaharienne à travers les IDE (Investissement
directs étrangers), l’aide publique au développement , sur les demandes en
matières premières des puissances industrielles et sur la croissance de
l'économie.
Boina YASSER
UCAD-FASEG, Dakar, Sénégal
L'Asie du Sud-Est et les crises financières
asiatique et mondiale
Alors que les
économistes traditionnels affirment que l'économie mondiale a suffisamment mûri
pour empêcher le retour d'une dépression mondiale, les décideurs politiques
sont toujours aux prises avec un territoire inexploré pour isoler leurs
économies des contagions régionales et mondiales débilitantes. Cet article
constitue l'introduction d'un numéro spécial visant à disséquer l'expérience
des économies de marché d'Asie du Sud-Est face à la crise financière mondiale
de 2008–09 et à la crise de COVID19.